Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Tetrachloroethylene

Table of contents

• Part I. Overview and Application
• 1.0 Guideline
• 2.0 Executive summary
  • 2.1 Health effects
  • 2.2 Exposure
  • 2.3 Analysis and treatment
• 3.0 Application of the guideline
  • 3.1 Monitoring
• Part II. Science and Technical Considerations
• 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment
• 5.0 Exposure
  • 5.1 Water
  • 5.2 Food
  • 5.3 Air
  • 5.4 Consumer products
  • 5.5 Soil
  • 5.6 Multiroute exposure through drinking water
• 6.0 Analytical methods
• 7.0 Treatment technology and distribution system considerations
  • 7.1 Municipal scale
    • 7.1.1 Activated carbon adsorption
    • 7.1.2 Air stripping: packed tower aeration
    • 7.1.3 Combination of packed tower aeration and granular activated carbon
    • 7.1.4 Ozonation
    • 7.1.5 Advanced oxidation processes
    • 7.1.6 Reverse osmosis
    • 7.1.7 Emerging and other treatment technologies
    • 7.1.8 Distribution system
  • 7.2 Residential
• 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism
  • 8.1 Absorption
  • 8.2 Distribution
  • 8.3 Metabolism
  • 8.4 Excretion
  • 8.5 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models
• 9.0 Health effects
  • 9.1 Effects in humans
    • 9.1.1 Acute toxicity
    • 9.1.2 Subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity
      • 9.1.2.1 Neurological effects
      • 9.1.2.2 Other non-cancer effects
      • 9.1.2.3 Cancer
    • 9.1.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
  • 9.2 Effects on experimental animals
    • 9.2.1 Acute toxicity
    • 9.2.2 Short-term exposure
      • 9.2.2.1 Clinical and serological indicators of health
      • 9.2.2.2 Neurological effects
      • 9.2.2.3 Hepatic effects
      • 9.2.2.4 Renal effects
      • 9.2.2.5 Effects on other organs and systems
    • 9.2.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity
      • 9.2.3.1 Clinical and serological indicators of health
      • 9.2.3.2 Neurological effects
      • 9.2.3.3 Hepatic effects
      • 9.2.3.4 Renal effects
      • 9.2.3.5 Effects on other organs and systems
    • 9.2.4 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
  • 9.3 Genotoxicity
    • 9.3.1 In vitro findings
    • 9.3.2 In vivo findings
  • 9.4 Mode of action
    • 9.4.1 Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas
    • 9.4.2 Mononuclear cell leukaemia
    • 9.4.3 Neurotoxicity
  • 9.5 Dose-response assessment
    • 9.5.1 Dose-response assessment for carcinogenic endpoints
    • 9.5.2 Dose-response assessment for non-cancer endpoints
• 10.0 Classification and assessment
  • 10.1 Cancer risk assessment
  • 10.2 Non-cancer risk assessment
  • 10.3 Comparison of cancer and non-cancer assessments
  • 10.4 International considerations
• 11.0 Rationale
• 12.0 References
• Appendix A: List of acronyms