Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Halifax—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census
Part D: Participation in the Economy
Participation in the labour market
Labour force participation lower the more recent the landing
Very recent immigrants are not as active in the labour market as the Canadian-born. Labour force participation of immigrants who have been in Canada for a longer period of time is rather more like that of the Canadian-born. A pattern of adjustment and increasing involvement of immigrants in the Canadian labour market with longer stay is evident in all three age groups, for both men and women. Labour force participation of all groups did not change greatly between 1996 and 2001.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 16,990 | 46,630 | 24,610 | 88,230 |
| Immigrants | 610 | 2,590 | 2,680 | 5,870 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 130 | 1,260 | 2,200 | 3,580 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 310 | 830 | 360 | 1,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 160 | 500 | 120 | 780 |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 15,510 | 48,590 | 27,700 | 91,790 |
| Immigrants | 610 | 3,140 | 3,830 | 7,570 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 120 | 1,570 | 3,020 | 4,710 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 330 | 910 | 610 | 1,850 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 160 | 670 | 200 | 1,020 |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 32,500 | 95,220 | 52,310 | 180,020 |
| Immigrants | 1,210 | 5,720 | 6,510 | 13,440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 250 | 2,830 | 5,220 | 8,290 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 640 | 1,730 | 980 | 3,350 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 320 | 1,160 | 320 | 1,790 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 71% | 82% | 62% | 73% | 88,230 |
| Immigrants | 57% | 68% | 63% | 64% | 5,870 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 78% | 80% | 64% | 70% | 3,580 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 58% | 70% | 58% | 64% | 1,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 42% | 48% | 49% | 47% | 780 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 69% | 92% | 76% | 82% | 91,790 |
| Immigrants | 51% | 89% | 84% | 82% | 7,570 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 62% | 93% | 84% | 86% | 4,710 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 58% | 93% | 88% | 83% | 1,850 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 38% | 77% | 71% | 65% | 1,020 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 70% | 87% | 69% | 77% | 180,020 |
| Immigrants | 54% | 78% | 73% | 73% | 13,440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 69% | 87% | 74% | 78% | 8,290 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 57% | 80% | 74% | 73% | 3,350 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 40% | 61% | 61% | 56% | 1,790 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
Figure D-1: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by age and gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001
Note: Figures D-1 and D-2 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed, (actively looking for work).
Pattern of adjustment similar for most levels of education
Generally speaking, the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of people who participate in the labour market. This observation holds for the Canadian-born as well as for all three cohorts of immigrants.
| No high school diploma | High school diploma | College or trade diploma | University degree | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 14,880 | 18,730 | 31,510 | 23,130 | 88,230 |
| Immigrants | 740 | 1,150 | 1,490 | 2,490 | 5,870 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 500 | 640 | 920 | 1,520 | 3,580 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 170 | 340 | 400 | 610 | 1,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 80 | 180 | 170 | 360 | 780 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 1,970 | 17,220 | 19,880 | 32,300 | 91,790 |
| Immigrants | 120 | 790 | 1,250 | 2,150 | 7,570 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 100 | 460 | 730 | 1,390 | 4,710 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 40 | 180 | 330 | 530 | 1,850 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 0 | 140 | 190 | 220 | 1,020 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2,970 | 31,100 | 38,620 | 63,810 | 180,020 |
| Immigrants | 220 | 1,440 | 2,410 | 3,630 | 13,440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 180 | 890 | 1,370 | 2,330 | 8,290 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 50 | 340 | 670 | 940 | 3,350 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 0 | 210 | 370 | 380 | 1,790 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| No high school diploma | High school diploma | College or trade diploma | University degree | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 52% | 77% | 78% | 85% | 73% |
| Immigrants | 47% | 64% | 62% | 74% | 64% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 61% | 69% | 61% | 80% | 70% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 39% | 69% | 73% | 70% | 64% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 26% | 45% | 49% | 57% | 47% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 64% | 87% | 88% | 91% | 82% |
| Immigrants | 66% | 78% | 87% | 85% | 82% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 74% | 84% | 85% | 90% | 86% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 57% | 88% | 88% | 85% | 83% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 49% | 54% | 90% | 71% | 65% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 58% | 82% | 83% | 88% | 77% |
| Immigrants | 56% | 71% | 75% | 80% | 73% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 69% | 76% | 74% | 85% | 78% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 47% | 76% | 82% | 78% | 73% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 36% | 50% | 64% | 63% | 56% |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
For most education levels, there is a standard pattern of relatively low participation rates for very recently landed immigrants and convergence to the rates of the Canadian-born for earlier cohorts. An exception to this pattern occurs for men with only a high school diploma and for men and women with college or trade diplomas. Those who immigrated during the 1986-1995 period participated in the labour force at a very high rate, but immigrants who landed earlier have a lower rate of labour force participation.
Figure D-2: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—15 to 64 years of age—labour force participation rates, by level of education and gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001
Note: Figures D-1 and D-2 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed, (actively looking for work).
Unemployment not uncommon during initial years
Recent immigrants are more likely to experience unemployment than earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born. Recent immigrant men in Halifax experienced unemployment rates from 4% to 11%, depending on their age group, and recent immigrant women experienced unemployment rates of 8% to 19%, depending on their age group. Unemployment is significantly lower among persons who immigrated before 1986 and the Canadian-born, except in the case of men aged 15 to 24 and 45 to 64. Immigrant women experience more unemployment than men during their first 15 years in Canada.
Overall, the unemployment rate declined by one to two percentage points since 1996. Young and older recent immigrants recorded the largest declines.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 2,310 | 2,660 | 1,350 | 6,310 |
| Immigrants | 90 | 250 | 120 | 460 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0 | 100 | 80 | 180 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 90 | 160 | 40 | 290 |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 2,630 | 2,720 | 1,340 | 6,690 |
| Immigrants | 70 | 190 | 180 | 440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 10 | 60 | 130 | 200 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 60 | 130 | 40 | 220 |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 4,950 | 5,370 | 2,690 | 13,010 |
| Immigrants | 160 | 430 | 290 | 880 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 10 | 160 | 220 | 380 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 150 | 270 | 80 | 490 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 14% | 6% | 5% | 7% | 6,310 |
| Immigrants | 15% | 10% | 4% | 8% | 460 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 8% | 4% | 5% | 180 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 19% | 12% | 8% | 13% | 290 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 17% | 6% | 5% | 7% | 6,690 |
| Immigrants | 12% | 6% | 5% | 6% | 440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 8% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 200 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 11% | 8% | 4% | 8% | 220 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 15% | 6% | 5% | 7% | 13,010 |
| Immigrants | 13% | 8% | 4% | 7% | 880 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 4% | 5% | 4% | 5% | 380 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 15% | 9% | 6% | 10% | 490 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| No high school diploma | High school diploma | College or trade diploma | University degree | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 1,680 | 1,740 | 1,610 | 1,290 | 6,310 |
| Immigrants | 50 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 460 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 20 | 70 | 50 | 50 | 180 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 30 | 90 | 70 | 100 | 290 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2,150 | 1,700 | 1,950 | 910 | 6,690 |
| Immigrants | 70 | 90 | 140 | 140 | 440 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 30 | 40 | 70 | 70 | 200 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 40 | 40 | 60 | 70 | 220 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 3,820 | 3,440 | 3,550 | 2,200 | 13,010 |
| Immigrants | 120 | 220 | 270 | 270 | 880 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 60 | 100 | 130 | 110 | 380 |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 30 | 60 | 80 | 80 | 250 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| No high school diploma | High school diploma | College or trade diploma | University degree | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 11% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 7% |
| Immigrants | 6% | 12% | 9% | 5% | 8% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 4% | 11% | 5% | 3% | 5% |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 12% | 10% | 8% | 6% | 9% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 11% | 9% | 6% | 4% | 7% |
| Immigrants | 8% | 7% | 6% | 4% | 6% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 5% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 4% |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 11% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 7% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 11% | 9% | 6% | 5% | 7% |
| Immigrants | 7% | 9% | 7% | 5% | 7% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 5% | 7% | 6% | 3% | 5% |
| Immigrated 1986-2001 | 6% | 9% | 8% | 6% | 7% |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
Share of men and women with jobs increases with length of stay
Four in ten very recent immigrant women aged 15 to 64 are employed, compared to seven in ten Canadian-born women. For men the difference is smaller: six in ten very recent immigrants are employed compared to three in four Canadian-born men. As shown in the previous pages, these differences in employment rates mainly reflect differences in labour force participation rates.
Among immigrants who landed before 1986, employment is generally more common than among the more recently landed. The employment rate of those who landed before 1986 is comparable to the employment rate of the Canadian-born, and men in this cohort who are age 25 to 64 have surpassed the employment levels of the Canadian-born.
In 2001, employment rates were significantly higher among the younger and older groups of recent immigrant men than for the same age groups in 1996, but among recent immigrants of prime working age employment rates were somewhat lower. Immigrant men experienced a greater change than their Canadian-born counterparts. Among immigrant women, the changes were more muted and similar to those of Canadian-born women.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 14,680 | 43,990 | 23,260 | 81,920 |
| Immigrants | 520 | 2,330 | 2,560 | 5,410 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 130 | 1,170 | 2,120 | 3,410 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 270 | 770 | 350 | 1,390 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 130 | 400 | 110 | 630 |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 12,880 | 45,870 | 26,360 | 85,100 |
| Immigrants | 540 | 2,960 | 3,650 | 7,140 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 110 | 1,510 | 2,880 | 4,500 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 290 | 840 | 580 | 1,710 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 140 | 610 | 190 | 930 |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 27,550 | 89,860 | 49,620 | 167,020 |
| Immigrants | 1,060 | 5,290 | 6,220 | 12,560 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 240 | 2,680 | 5,000 | 7,920 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 560 | 1,610 | 920 | 3,090 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 260 | 1,010 | 290 | 1,550 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | 15 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 62% | 77% | 59% | 68% | 81,920 |
| Immigrants | 48% | 62% | 60% | 59% | 5,410 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 78% | 74% | 62% | 66% | 3,410 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 50% | 65% | 55% | 59% | 1,390 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 33% | 38% | 43% | 38% | 630 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 57% | 87% | 72% | 76% | 85,100 |
| Immigrants | 45% | 84% | 80% | 77% | 7,140 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 56% | 90% | 80% | 82% | 4,500 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 51% | 87% | 83% | 76% | 1,710 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 32% | 71% | 67% | 60% | 930 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 59% | 82% | 65% | 72% | 167,020 |
| Immigrants | 47% | 72% | 70% | 68% | 12,560 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 66% | 83% | 71% | 75% | 7,920 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 50% | 75% | 69% | 67% | 3,090 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 32% | 53% | 56% | 48% | 1,550 |
Note: Tables D-1 to D-10 describe labour force participation, employment and unemployment in the week before the 2001 Census, May 6-12, 2001. A person is in the labour force if he/she is employed or unemployed (actively looking for work).
The jobs of recent immigrants
Part-time jobs more common for very recent immigrants aged 25 to 64
The proportion of employed persons who work part-time varies considerably by age and gender, both for immigrants and the Canadian-born. Half or more of employed young adults work part-time. Twenty percent to 34% of employed women aged 25 to 64 work part-time, varying by cohort, while 6% to 33% (6% to 13% if very recent immigrant men are excluded) of employed men aged 25 to 64 work part-time, again varying by cohort.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 9,770 | 10,070 | 6,140 | 25,970 |
| Immigrants | 410 | 670 | 830 | 1,900 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 80 | 280 | 680 | 1,030 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 270 | 270 | 130 | 670 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 60 | 120 | 20 | 200 |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 8,180 | 3,150 | 2,520 | 13,840 |
| Immigrants | 430 | 300 | 400 | 1,130 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 80 | 90 | 270 | 440 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 260 | 100 | 80 | 430 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 90 | 120 | 60 | 260 |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 17,950 | 13,220 | 8,650 | 39,810 |
| Immigrants | 820 | 970 | 1,240 | 3,030 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 150 | 370 | 950 | 1,470 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 520 | 370 | 210 | 1,100 |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 150 | 240 | 80 | 470 |
Note: Tables D-11 and D-12 do not include immigrants who landed in 2000 or 2001. Only persons who landed before 2000 are included among immigrants and very recent immigrants. Part-time employment is defined as having worked less than 30 hours per week during most of the weeks worked in the year 2000.
Part-time employment is more common for very recent immigrant men aged 25 to 44 or 45 to 64 than for other men, but this is not so for those aged 15 to 24. For very recent immigrant women, the situation is different, with employment levels comparable to those of earlier immigrants and the Canadian-born.
| 15 to 24 years | 25 to 44 years | 45 to 64 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Canadian-born | 55% | 21% | 24% | 28% |
| Immigrants | 66% | 25% | 29% | 31% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 58% | 21% | 28% | 27% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 71% | 30% | 34% | 41% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 60% | 28% | 20% | 31% |
| Men | ||||
| Canadian-born | 49% | 6% | 9% | 15% |
| Immigrants | 61% | 10% | 10% | 15% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 48% | 6% | 9% | 9% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 67% | 11% | 13% | 23% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 60% | 23% | 33% | 32% |
| Total | ||||
| Canadian-born | 52% | 13% | 16% | 21% |
| Immigrants | 63% | 17% | 18% | 22% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 51% | 13% | 17% | 17% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 68% | 21% | 21% | 31% |
| Immigrated 1996-1999 | 60% | 25% | 30% | 32% |
Note: Tables D-11 and D-12 do not include immigrants who landed in 2000 or 2001. Only persons who landed before 2000 are included among immigrants and very recent immigrants. Part-time employment is defined as having worked less than 30 hours per week during most of the weeks worked in the year 2000.
The share of jobs that was part-time was significantly lower in 2001 than in 1996 for very recent immigrant women 25 years of age and over. By contrast, very recent immigrant men have seen a rise in part-time work with increases in the order of ten percentage points. All other groups experienced smaller changes.
Different mix of occupations
Employed very recent immigrants are more likely than their Canadian-born counterparts to work in sales and service occupations and health and science occupations. Nearly three in ten employed very recent immigrants work in sales and service jobs, compared to almost one in four Canadian-born persons.
Recent immigrant men work in management and social occupations in higher proportions than the Canadian-born, but immigrants in the earlier cohort work in these occupations in even higher proportions. This seems to be a trend particular to some smaller Canadian cities, as it is not seen in major urban centres. There are probably many factors that contribute to these patterns, including the selection of immigrants as well as their level of education and field of studies.
| Sales and services | Processing | Admin- istrative |
Management and social sciences | Trades, transport | Health, science | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 16,230 | 1,220 | 22,140 | 16,640 | 740 | 10,290 | 67,240 |
| Immigrants | 1,130 | 60 | 1,120 | 1,630 | 130 | 820 | 4,900 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
660 | 10 | 780 | 1,210 | 90 | 530 | 3,290 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
310 | 40 | 230 | 280 | 50 | 200 | 1,110 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
180 | 10 | 90 | 120 | 10 | 90 | 510 |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 15,360 | 3,350 | 7,810 | 17,950 | 17,100 | 10,680 | 72,230 |
| Immigrants | 1,200 | 170 | 500 | 2,540 | 820 | 1,400 | 6,610 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
730 | 150 | 320 | 1,820 | 510 | 910 | 4,400 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
270 | 40 | 120 | 500 | 230 | 320 | 1,420 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
210 | 0 | 80 | 230 | 80 | 170 | 790 |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 31,580 | 4,570 | 29,950 | 34,580 | 17,840 | 20,970 | 139,470 |
| Immigrants | 2,340 | 240 | 1,620 | 4,160 | 950 | 2,210 | 11,510 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
1,370 | 180 | 1,110 | 3,020 | 590 | 1,440 | 7,680 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
580 | 70 | 350 | 780 | 280 | 510 | 2,530 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
380 | 20 | 170 | 370 | 90 | 270 | 1,300 |
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 24% | 2% | 33% | 25% | 1% | 15% | 67,240 |
| Immigrants | 23% | 1% | 23% | 33% | 3% | 17% | 4,900 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
20% | 0% | 24% | 37% | 3% | 16% | 3,290 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
27% | 3% | 21% | 25% | 4% | 18% | 1,110 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
35% | 2% | 18% | 24% | 2% | 18% | 510 |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 21% | 5% | 11% | 25% | 24% | 15% | 72,230 |
| Immigrants | 18% | 2% | 8% | 38% | 12% | 21% | 6,610 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
17% | 3% | 7% | 41% | 12% | 21% | 4,400 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
19% | 3% | 8% | 35% | 16% | 22% | 1,420 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
27% | 0% | 10% | 29% | 10% | 22% | 790 |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 23% | 3% | 21% | 25% | 13% | 15% | 139,470 |
| Immigrants | 20% | 2% | 14% | 36% | 8% | 19% | 11,510 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
18% | 2% | 14% | 39% | 8% | 19% | 7,680 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
23% | 3% | 14% | 31% | 11% | 20% | 2,530 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
29% | 2% | 13% | 29% | 7% | 20% | 1,300 |
Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-13 to D-16 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
Figure D-3: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—occupation groups, by gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)
Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
Many recent immigrants in hospitality and other services
In Halifax, a large proportion of employed recent immigrants aged 25 to 64 work in the public sector and, for employed recent immigrant women, in hospitality and other services. Proportionately even more of the Canadian-born, however, are employed in the public sector. Compared to many other cities, Halifax has a very large public sector. Recent immigrants are more heavily represented in trade, hospitality and other services than are the Canadian-born. Compared to 1996, employment in business services industries among the very recent immigrant cohort is more prevalent, and employment in hospitality and other services industries and the public sector are less prevalent.
Figure D-4: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—industry sector, by gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)
Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary
| Manu- facturing |
Con- struction and Trans- portation |
Trade | Business services | Public sector |
Hospitality and other services | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 3,030 | 4,410 | 9,750 | 12,110 | 29,180 | 8,770 | 67,200 |
| Immigrants | 250 | 190 | 690 | 800 | 2,070 | 930 | 4,900 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
110 | 110 | 490 | 590 | 1,520 | 510 | 3,300 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
100 | 70 | 130 | 150 | 430 | 260 | 1,100 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
40 | 10 | 80 | 90 | 150 | 150 | 500 |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 7,700 | 15,820 | 11,900 | 11,240 | 19,160 | 6,420 | 72,200 |
| Immigrants | 520 | 970 | 860 | 1,180 | 2,000 | 1,090 | 6,600 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
330 | 640 | 480 | 780 | 1,470 | 720 | 4,400 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
110 | 240 | 220 | 270 | 360 | 250 | 1,400 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
90 | 100 | 180 | 140 | 190 | 130 | 800 |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 10,740 | 20,230 | 21,650 | 23,340 | 48,340 | 15,180 | 139,500 |
| Immigrants | 760 | 1,160 | 1,560 | 1,980 | 4,070 | 2,020 | 11,500 |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
420 | 750 | 960 | 1,360 | 2,970 | 1,240 | 7,700 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
230 | 290 | 340 | 410 | 780 | 520 | 2,500 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
120 | 120 | 250 | 230 | 340 | 270 | 1,300 |
| Women | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 5% | 7% | 14% | 18% | 43% | 13% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 5% | 4% | 14% | 16% | 42% | 19% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
3% | 3% | 15% | 18% | 46% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
9% | 6% | 12% | 13% | 38% | 23% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
7% | 2% | 16% | 18% | 30% | 30% | 100% |
| Men | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 11% | 22% | 16% | 16% | 27% | 9% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 8% | 15% | 13% | 18% | 30% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
8% | 14% | 11% | 18% | 33% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
8% | 17% | 15% | 19% | 25% | 18% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
11% | 12% | 22% | 18% | 24% | 16% | 100% |
| Total | |||||||
| Canadian-born | 8% | 15% | 16% | 17% | 35% | 11% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 7% | 10% | 14% | 17% | 35% | 18% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 |
5% | 10% | 12% | 18% | 39% | 16% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 |
9% | 11% | 13% | 16% | 31% | 21% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 |
9% | 9% | 19% | 17% | 26% | 20% | 100% |
Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-13 to D-16 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
Skill requirements of jobs of recent immigrants higher
The jobs of recent immigrants require higher skills than the jobs of the Canadian-born. Thirty-two percent of jobs of Canadian-born women require the highest level of skill, a university education. For very recent immigrant women, 36% of jobs require a university education; for women who landed before 1986, almost one-half of jobs require a university education. For men the differences between the Canadian-born and very recent immigrants are more pronounced, with just under one-half of very recent immigrants holding jobs that require a university education, compared to only one-third of Canadian-born men.
| No formal education | High school plus job training | College or trade apprenticeship | University | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 5,570 | 22,500 | 17,480 | 21,700 | 67,250 |
| Immigrants | 410 | 1,180 | 1,210 | 2,120 | 4,900 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 220 | 710 | 830 | 1,530 | 3,280 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 120 | 300 | 290 | 410 | 1,120 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 60 | 170 | 100 | 180 | 510 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 5,850 | 19,620 | 22,900 | 23,870 | 72,240 |
| Immigrants | 420 | 1,060 | 1,580 | 3,550 | 6,610 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 220 | 660 | 1,080 | 2,450 | 4,410 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 100 | 250 | 340 | 740 | 1,420 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 110 | 160 | 180 | 370 | 790 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 11,410 | 42,130 | 40,380 | 45,570 | 139,470 |
| Immigrants | 820 | 2,240 | 2,790 | 5,660 | 11,510 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 440 | 1,370 | 1,890 | 3,980 | 7,680 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 220 | 560 | 630 | 1,130 | 2,530 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 160 | 320 | 280 | 550 | 1,290 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 8% | 33% | 26% | 32% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 8% | 24% | 25% | 43% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 7% | 22% | 25% | 47% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 11% | 27% | 26% | 36% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 11% | 34% | 20% | 36% | 100% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 8% | 27% | 32% | 33% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 6% | 16% | 24% | 54% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 5% | 15% | 24% | 56% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 7% | 18% | 24% | 52% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 14% | 20% | 22% | 47% | 100% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 8% | 30% | 29% | 33% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 7% | 19% | 24% | 49% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 6% | 18% | 25% | 52% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 9% | 22% | 25% | 45% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 12% | 25% | 21% | 42% | 100% |
Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-13 to D-16 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
The information presented in Table D-15 does not directly indicate whether skills of recent immigrants are fully or less than fully employed in the economy. To determine this, one has to compare the skill levels of jobs of employed recent immigrants with the level of education of employed recent immigrants. This is done in Table D-16 for persons holding a university degree.
Figure D-5: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born—employed 25 to 64 years of age—skill requirements of jobs, by gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001 (percentage distribution)
Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
Education of recent immigrant women not fully utilized
The jobs of very recent immigrants with a university degree do not require the same level of skill as the jobs of Canadian-born persons with a university degree. Two-thirds of employed Canadian-born women with a university degree have a job requiring a university degree, but only one half of employed women who immigrated after 1995 have a job at that level and the share is not much higher for women who immigrated in the 10 years before that. Seven in ten Canadian-born men with a university degree but less than two-thirds of very recent immigrant men with a university degree have a job requiring a university education. However, university-level jobs are more common among men who immigrated before 1986 than among Canadian-born men.
| No formal education | High school plus job training | College or trade apprenticeship | University | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 300 | 2,930 | 3,590 | 12,630 | 19,430 |
| Immigrants | 60 | 330 | 460 | 1,410 | 2,250 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 20 | 160 | 270 | 990 | 1,460 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 40 | 90 | 130 | 290 | 530 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | – | 90 | 60 | 130 | 260 |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 280 | 1,970 | 3,010 | 13,130 | 18,380 |
| Immigrants | 70 | 210 | 420 | 2,380 | 3,070 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | – | 100 | 270 | 1,550 | 1,930 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 40 | 30 | 90 | 540 | 700 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 40 | 70 | 50 | 290 | 450 |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 580 | 4,900 | 6,590 | 25,750 | 37,810 |
| Immigrants | 130 | 540 | 870 | 3,790 | 5,310 |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 10 | 270 | 560 | 2,550 | 3,380 |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 80 | 130 | 210 | 830 | 1,230 |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 30 | 150 | 100 | 420 | 710 |
| Women | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2% | 15% | 18% | 65% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 2% | 15% | 20% | 63% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 1% | 11% | 18% | 67% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 7% | 16% | 24% | 55% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 0% | 33% | 21% | 50% | 100% |
| Men | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2% | 11% | 16% | 71% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 2% | 7% | 14% | 78% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 5% | 14% | 80% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 4% | 12% | 78% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 8% | 16% | 11% | 64% | 100% |
| Total | |||||
| Canadian-born | 2% | 13% | 17% | 68% | 100% |
| Immigrants | 2% | 10% | 16% | 71% | 100% |
| Immigrated before 1986 | 0% | 8% | 16% | 75% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1986-1995 | 6% | 10% | 17% | 67% | 100% |
| Immigrated 1996-2001 | 4% | 21% | 14% | 60% | 100% |
Note: Job characteristics presented in Tables D-13 to D-16 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
Figure D-6: Immigrants by period of immigration and Canadian-born —25 to 64 years of age—percentage of employed university graduates with jobs requiring university education, by gender, Halifax Census Metropolitan Area, 2001
Note: Job characteristics presented in Figures D-3 to D-6 relate to jobs held at the time of the census or the job of longest duration from January 2000 to May 15, 2001. The information pertains to persons 25 to 64 years of age. Younger people are not included here since many of them are still in school, and their jobs tend to be short-term and part-time and less likely to be related to their education and career choices than the jobs of older adults. Occupation groups are defined in the Glossary.
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