Enhanced Fujita scale damage indicators and degrees of damage, chapter 12

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Large Isolated Retail Buildings (LIRB)

Typical Construction:

Flat roof with BUR and gravel or single-ply membrane roof; generally has a 1-m parapet
Open web joists and steel girders or joist girders supported by tall pipe columns
Metal deck with rigid insulation or lightweight concrete fill slab
Large windows on front side of building
CMU walls, tilt-up concrete panels, metal stud walls covered with EIFS or combinations of these

Table 12. Degree of Damage (DOD) for Expected (EXP), Lower Bound (LB) and Upper Bound (UB)
DOD	Damage Description	EXP*	LB*	UB*
1	Threshold of visible damage	110	90	135
2	Loss of roof covering (up to 20%)	130	110	165
3	Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (more than 20%); loss of rooftop HVAC	165	140	200
4	Long roof spans collapsed downward	195	165	230
5	Uplift and removal of roof structure	215	185	255
6	Inward or outward collapse of exterior walls	220	190	255
7	Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building	280	235	325

*All wind speeds in km/h

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Date modified:: 2014-05-07