Enhanced Fujita scale damage indicators and degrees of damage, chapter 11
Large Shopping Malls (LSM)
Typical Construction:
- Typically one or two storeys
- Flat roof; some areas with relatively large spans
- Skylights and clear stories
- Single-ply or BUR with or without roof gravel
- Metal stud walls with brick veneer, stucco or EIFS cladding
- Light steel structural framing with open web joists, light metal framing or 3-D space framing
- Glass at entries
| DOD | Damage Description | EXP* | LB* | UB* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Threshold of visible damage. | 115 | 95 | 140 |
| 2 | Loss of roof covering (up to 20%) | 135 | 110 | 170 |
| 3 | Broken skylights, clearstory windows and atrium walls broken | 150 | 120 | 185 |
| 4 | Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material (more than 20%); loss of rooftop HVAC | 175 | 150 | 205 |
| 5 | Wall cladding stripped starting at corners and progressing to other areas | 180 | 150 | 210 |
| 6 | Roof structure uplifted or collapsed | 205 | 175 | 240 |
| 7 | Exterior walls in top storey collapsed | 230 | 200 | 265 |
| 8 | Interior walls of top storey collapse | 255 | 225 | 300 |
| 9 | Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building | 330 | 285 | 400 |
*All wind speeds in km/h.
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