Metrics report for milestone 1.3 of the National Action Plan on Open Government 2022–2024 – Making climate change science more open and accessible
Metrics report for milestone 1.3 – making climate change science more open and accessible
Theme 1 of the National Action Plan on Open Government 2022–2024 “Climate Change and Sustainable Growth”
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Reporting year 2023
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Theme 1: Climate change and sustainable growth
The National Action Plan on Open Government 2022–2024 (NAP) commits to making the Government of Canada more transparent and accountable, while also giving Canadians the chance to take part in how government makes decisions.
This document provides an update (reporting year 2023) on progress of Science-Based Departments and Agencies (SBDAs) in implementing Open Science, in fulfillment of Milestone 1.3 of the NAP – “Making climate change science more open and accessible” – which requires:
1.3.1 – New metric to be designed [completed] and included in yearly reports to assess open access of climate change publications by science-based departments and agencies, using data from an abstract and citation database.
1.3.2 – Yearly reports on progress against existing metrics that measure how science-based departments and agencies implement open science, with a focus on open access metrics and diverse types of open access, to be released in the open.
This annual progress report for 2023 provides an overview of the advancements made in fulfilling Milestone 1.3, including updates on the metric introduced in 1.3.1, initially reported in the 2022 progress report. Additionally, it addresses the requirements of 1.3.2, focusing on progress against existing open access metrics. For this report, open access is defined as free and unrestricted online access to research publications and data (see Annex 1 for descriptions of open access status for scientific publications).
This report covers results for the following SBDAs:
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- Canadian Space Agency
- Defence Research and Development Canada/National Defence
- Environment and Climate Change Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Health Canada
- Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
- National Research Council of Canada
- Natural Resources Canada
- Parks Canada
- Polar Knowledge Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Statistics Canada
- Transport Canada
Caveat: Due to operational considerations, bibliometric data from previous years (1998–2020) were obtained from Web of Science, while bibliometric data for years 2021 and 2022 were obtained from Scopus. Variations in bibliometric data between the two databases can arise from differences in database coverage, indexing policies, update frequency, citation counting methods, data cleaning procedures, the presence of errors and inconsistencies, etc. Due to these differences, the data presented in this, and previous reports should be regarded as an approximation. Please see Annex 2 for additional details on methodology and Annex 3 for keywords used to identify climate change-related publications.
Results
1.3.1 – Update on the metric designed and included in yearly reports to assess open access of climate change science publications using data from an abstract and citation database.
Metric: total consolidated Annual Number and Percentage of Climate Change Science Publications by Open Access Status, for All SBDAs, for the Period of 1998 to 2022 (See Annexes 2 and 3 for methodology). Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) first developed and reported on this metric in 2022. Table 1a and Table 1b report on the metric by year while Table 2a and Table 2b consolidate the years and report on the metric by SBDA.
| Year | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | - | 1 | 1 | 12 | 14 | 51 | 19 | 3 | 87 |
| 1999 | - | 4 | - | 25 | 29 | 45 | 19 | 8 | 101 |
| 2000 | - | 4 | 5 | 26 | 35 | 62 | 14 | 10 | 121 |
| 2001 | - | 7 | 1 | 19 | 27 | 74 | 15 | 7 | 123 |
| 2002 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 19 | 34 | 80 | 13 | 30 | 157 |
| 2003 | - | 9 | 2 | 26 | 37 | 93 | 13 | 10 | 153 |
| 2004 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 25 | 38 | 93 | 8 | 6 | 145 |
| 2005 | 1 | 13 | 7 | 33 | 54 | 99 | - | 4 | 157 |
| 2006 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 33 | 73 | 114 | - | 8 | 195 |
| 2007 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 46 | 66 | 133 | - | 7 | 206 |
| 2008 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 43 | 83 | 131 | - | 4 | 218 |
| 2009 | 12 | 22 | 13 | 39 | 86 | 138 | - | 7 | 231 |
| 2010 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 50 | 109 | 145 | - | 7 | 261 |
| 2011 | 32 | 27 | 20 | 58 | 137 | 170 | 1 | 3 | 311 |
| 2012 | 29 | 38 | 20 | 51 | 138 | 193 | - | 6 | 337 |
| 2013 | 43 | 32 | 32 | 61 | 168 | 173 | - | 2 | 343 |
| 2014 | 53 | 36 | 35 | 42 | 166 | 175 | 1 | 2 | 344 |
| 2015 | 47 | 33 | 51 | 46 | 177 | 184 | - | 1 | 362 |
| 2016 | 75 | 31 | 60 | 44 | 210 | 149 | 1 | 2 | 362 |
| 2017 | 88 | 38 | 44 | 44 | 214 | 157 | - | 1 | 372 |
| 2018 | 166 | 53 | 81 | 49 | 349 | 145 | 3 | 1 | 498 |
| 2019 | 160 | 36 | 73 | 32 | 301 | 188 | 1 | - | 490 |
| 2020 | 172 | 34 | 78 | 27 | 311 | 185 | 3 | 4 | 503 |
| 2021 | 431 | 100 | 197 | 81 | 809 | 391 | - | 25 | 1,225 |
| 2022 | 376 | 108 | 214 | 70 | 768 | 358 | - | 22 | 1,148 |
| 1998–2022 | 1,725 | 716 | 991 | 1,001 | 4,433 | 3,726 | 111 | 180 | 8,450 |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Year | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | - | 1.1% | 1.1% | 13.8% | 16.1% | 58.6% | 21.8% | 3.4% | 100.0% |
| 1999 | - | 4.0% | - | 24.8% | 28.7% | 44.6% | 18.8% | 7.9% | 100.0% |
| 2000 | - | 3.3% | 4.1% | 21.5% | 28.9% | 51.2% | 11.6% | 8.3% | 100.0% |
| 2001 | - | 5.7% | 0.8% | 15.4% | 22.0% | 60.2% | 12.2% | 5.7% | 100.0% |
| 2002 | 0.6% | 6.4% | 2.5% | 12.1% | 21.7% | 51.0% | 8.3% | 19.1% | 100.0% |
| 2003 | - | 5.9% | 1.3% | 17.0% | 24.2% | 60.8% | 8.5% | 6.5% | 100.0% |
| 2004 | 0.7% | 6.9% | 1.4% | 17.2% | 26.2% | 64.1% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 100.0% |
| 2005 | 0.6% | 8.3% | 4.5% | 21.0% | 34.4% | 63.1% | - | 2.5% | 100.0% |
| 2006 | 2.6% | 12.8% | 5.1% | 16.9% | 37.4% | 58.5% | - | 4.1% | 100.0% |
| 2007 | 1.9% | 4.9% | 2.9% | 22.3% | 32.0% | 64.6% | - | 3.4% | 100.0% |
| 2008 | 5.0% | 6.9% | 6.4% | 19.7% | 38.1% | 60.1% | - | 1.8% | 100.0% |
| 2009 | 5.2% | 9.5% | 5.6% | 16.9% | 37.2% | 59.7% | - | 3.0% | 100.0% |
| 2010 | 6.9% | 7.7% | 8.0% | 19.2% | 41.8% | 55.6% | - | 2.7% | 100.0% |
| 2011 | 10.3% | 8.7% | 6.4% | 18.6% | 44.1% | 54.7% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 100.0% |
| 2012 | 8.6% | 11.3% | 5.9% | 15.1% | 40.9% | 57.3% | - | 1.8% | 100.0% |
| 2013 | 12.5% | 9.3% | 9.3% | 17.8% | 49.0% | 50.4% | - | 0.6% | 100.0% |
| 2014 | 15.4% | 10.5% | 10.2% | 12.2% | 48.3% | 50.9% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 100.0% |
| 2015 | 13.0% | 9.1% | 14.1% | 12.7% | 48.9% | 50.8% | - | 0.3% | 100.0% |
| 2016 | 20.7% | 8.6% | 16.6% | 12.2% | 58.0% | 41.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 100.0% |
| 2017 | 23.7% | 10.2% | 11.8% | 11.8% | 57.5% | 42.2% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 100.0% |
| 2018 | 33.3% | 10.6% | 16.3% | 9.8% | 70.1% | 29.1% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 100.0% |
| 2019 | 32.7% | 7.3% | 14.9% | 6.5% | 61.4% | 38.4% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 100.0% |
| 2020 | 34.2% | 6.8% | 15.5% | 5.4% | 61.8% | 36.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 100.0% |
| 2021 | 35.2% | 8.2% | 16.1% | 6.6% | 66.0% | 31.9% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 100.0% |
| 2022 | 32.8% | 9.4% | 18.6% | 6.1% | 66.9% | 31.2% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 100.0% |
| 1998–2022 | 20.4% | 8.5% | 11.7% | 11.8% | 52.5% | 44.1% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 100.0% |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Department and agency | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All SBDAs | 1,818 | 756 | 1,036 | 1,067 | 4,677 | 3,883 | 112 | 188 | 8,860 |
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | 152 | 63 | 109 | 107 | 431 | 482 | 6 | 11 | 930 |
| Atomic Energy of Canada Limited | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 5 | 6 | - | - | 11 |
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 8 | - | 1 | 23 |
| Canadian Space Agency | 5 | - | 4 | - | 9 | 13 | - | 1 | 23 |
| Defence Research and Development Canada/National Defence | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 18 | - | 2 | 28 |
| Environment and Climate Change Canada | 736 | 292 | 458 | 413 | 1,899 | 1,199 | 64 | 63 | 3,225 |
| Fisheries and Oceans Canada | 310 | 130 | 187 | 254 | 881 | 731 | 23 | 34 | 1,669 |
| Health Canada | 62 | 11 | 38 | 12 | 123 | 34 | - | 3 | 160 |
| Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada | 6 | 2 | - | - | 8 | 1 | - | 1 | 10 |
| National Research Council Canada | 101 | 41 | 16 | 30 | 188 | 182 | - | 14 | 384 |
| Natural Resources Canada | 351 | 195 | 174 | 229 | 949 | 1,141 | 19 | 56 | 2,165 |
| Parks Canada | 27 | 9 | 17 | 6 | 59 | 35 | - | 2 | 96 |
| Polar Knowledge | 12 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 23 | 2 | - | - | 25 |
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 44 | 7 | 15 | 10 | 76 | 25 | - | - | 101 |
| Statistics Canada | - | - | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | 6 |
| Transport Canada | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | 4 |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Department and agency | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All SBDAs | 20.5% | 8.5% | 11.7% | 12.0% | 52.8% | 43.8% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 100.0% |
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | 16.3% | 6.8% | 11.7% | 11.5% | 46.3% | 51.8% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 100.0% |
| Atomic Energy of Canada Limited | 18.2% | 9.1% | - | 18.2% | 45.5% | 54.5% | - | - | 100.0% |
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 34.8% | 4.3% | 13.0% | 8.7% | 60.9% | 34.8% | - | 4.3% | 100.0% |
| Canadian Space Agency | 21.7% | - | 17.4% | - | 39.1% | 56.5% | - | 4.3% | 100.0% |
| Defence Research and Development Canada/National Defence | 3.6% | - | 21.4% | 3.6% | 28.6% | 64.3% | - | 7.1% | 100.0% |
| Environment and Climate Change Canada | 22.8% | 9.1% | 14.2% | 12.8% | 58.9% | 37.2% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 100.0% |
| Fisheries and Oceans Canada | 18.6% | 7.8% | 11.2% | 15.2% | 52.8% | 43.8% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 100.0% |
| Health Canada | 38.8% | 6.9% | 23.8% | 7.5% | 76.9% | 21.3% | - | 1.9% | 100.0% |
| Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada | 60.0% | 20.0% | - | - | 80.0% | 10.0% | - | 10.0% | 100.0% |
| National Research Council Canada | 26.3% | 10.7% | 4.2% | 7.8% | 49.0% | 47.4% | - | 3.6% | 100.0% |
| Natural Resources Canada | 16.2% | 9.0% | 8.0% | 10.6% | 43.8% | 52.7% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 100.0% |
| Parks Canada | 28.1% | 9.4% | 17.7% | 6.3% | 61.5% | 36.5% | - | 2.1% | 100.0% |
| Polar Knowledge | 48.0% | 16.0% | 24.0% | 4.0% | 92.0% | 8.0% | - | - | 100.0% |
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 43.6% | 6.9% | 14.9% | 9.9% | 75.2% | 24.8% | - | - | 100.0% |
| Statistics Canada | - | - | 50.0% | - | 50.0% | 50.0% | - | - | 100.0% |
| Transport Canada | 25.0% | - | - | - | 25.0% | 75.0% | - | - | 100.0% |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
1.3.2 – Yearly reports on progress against existing metrics that measure how science-based departments and agencies implement open science, with a focus on open access metrics and diverse types of open access, to be released in the open
Metric: total consolidated Annual Number and Percentage of SBDA Publications by Open Access Status, for the Period of 1998 to 2022. This metric measures how SBDAs implement Open Science. Canada reported on this metric in 2019, 2020, and 2022. Table 3a and Table 3b report on the metric by year while Table 4a and Table 4b consolidate the years and report on the metric by SBDA.
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Year | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 12 | 123 | 45 | 313 | 493 | 2,196 | 141 | 572 | 3,402 |
| 1999 | 24 | 125 | 33 | 359 | 541 | 1,994 | 130 | 551 | 3,216 |
| 2000 | 21 | 167 | 54 | 369 | 611 | 2,161 | 137 | 468 | 3,377 |
| 2001 | 23 | 172 | 56 | 366 | 617 | 2,128 | 84 | 447 | 3,276 |
| 2002 | 34 | 189 | 51 | 428 | 702 | 1,842 | 64 | 840 | 3,448 |
| 2003 | 42 | 224 | 64 | 505 | 835 | 2,298 | 44 | 519 | 3,696 |
| 2004 | 52 | 282 | 78 | 494 | 906 | 2,467 | 32 | 441 | 3,846 |
| 2005 | 62 | 344 | 79 | 490 | 975 | 2,611 | 15 | 360 | 3,961 |
| 2006 | 95 | 406 | 76 | 507 | 1,084 | 2,727 | 6 | 283 | 4,100 |
| 2007 | 132 | 385 | 96 | 571 | 1,184 | 2,654 | 1 | 259 | 4,098 |
| 2008 | 180 | 459 | 110 | 544 | 1,293 | 2,866 | 1 | 281 | 4,441 |
| 2009 | 226 | 516 | 112 | 577 | 1,431 | 2,864 | 2 | 206 | 4,503 |
| 2010 | 312 | 718 | 134 | 611 | 1,775 | 2,531 | 9 | 193 | 4,508 |
| 2011 | 370 | 693 | 142 | 592 | 1,797 | 2,743 | 6 | 178 | 4,724 |
| 2012 | 431 | 521 | 184 | 604 | 1,740 | 2,847 | 9 | 173 | 4,769 |
| 2013 | 546 | 436 | 214 | 540 | 1,736 | 2,664 | 10 | 144 | 4,554 |
| 2014 | 497 | 418 | 262 | 486 | 1,663 | 2,529 | 7 | 102 | 4,301 |
| 2015 | 580 | 407 | 306 | 514 | 1,807 | 2,280 | 3 | 75 | 4,165 |
| 2016 | 737 | 423 | 351 | 552 | 2,063 | 2,033 | 6 | 108 | 4,210 |
| 2017 | 807 | 505 | 304 | 457 | 2,073 | 1,962 | 12 | 79 | 4,126 |
| 2018 | 1,022 | 498 | 433 | 441 | 2,394 | 1,880 | 19 | 80 | 4,373 |
| 2019 | 1,106 | 395 | 495 | 341 | 2,337 | 1,939 | 36 | 79 | 4,391 |
| 2020 | 1,270 | 351 | 564 | 223 | 2,408 | 2,042 | 40 | 41 | 4,531 |
| 2021 | 1,883 | 534 | 841 | 599 | 3,857 | 2,478 | - | 213 | 6,548 |
| 2022 | 1,872 | 517 | 965 | 323 | 3,677 | 2,337 | - | 174 | 6,188 |
| 1998–2022 | 12,336 | 9,808 | 6,049 | 11,806 | 39,999 | 59,073 | 814 | 6,866 | 106,752 |
| Year | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 0.4% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 9.2% | 14.5% | 64.6% | 4.1% | 16.8% | 100.0% |
| 1999 | 0.7% | 3.9% | 1.0% | 11.2% | 16.8% | 62.0% | 4.0% | 17.1% | 100.0% |
| 2000 | 0.6% | 4.9% | 1.6% | 10.9% | 18.1% | 64.0% | 4.1% | 13.9% | 100.0% |
| 2001 | 0.7% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 11.2% | 18.8% | 65.0% | 2.6% | 13.6% | 100.0% |
| 2002 | 1.0% | 5.5% | 1.5% | 12.4% | 20.4% | 53.4% | 1.9% | 24.4% | 100.0% |
| 2003 | 1.1% | 6.1% | 1.7% | 13.7% | 22.6% | 62.2% | 1.2% | 14.0% | 100.0% |
| 2004 | 1.4% | 7.3% | 2.0% | 12.8% | 23.6% | 64.1% | 0.8% | 11.5% | 100.0% |
| 2005 | 1.6% | 8.7% | 2.0% | 12.4% | 24.6% | 65.9% | 0.4% | 9.1% | 100.0% |
| 2006 | 2.3% | 9.9% | 1.9% | 12.4% | 26.4% | 66.5% | 0.1% | 6.9% | 100.0% |
| 2007 | 3.2% | 9.4% | 2.3% | 13.9% | 28.9% | 64.8% | 0.0% | 6.3% | 100.0% |
| 2008 | 4.1% | 10.3% | 2.5% | 12.2% | 29.1% | 64.5% | 0.0% | 6.3% | 100.0% |
| 2009 | 5.0% | 11.5% | 2.5% | 12.8% | 31.8% | 63.6% | 0.0% | 4.6% | 100.0% |
| 2010 | 6.9% | 15.9% | 3.0% | 13.6% | 39.4% | 56.1% | 0.2% | 4.3% | 100.0% |
| 2011 | 7.8% | 14.7% | 3.0% | 12.5% | 38.0% | 58.1% | 0.1% | 3.8% | 100.0% |
| 2012 | 9.0% | 10.9% | 3.9% | 12.7% | 36.5% | 59.7% | 0.2% | 3.6% | 100.0% |
| 2013 | 12.0% | 9.6% | 4.7% | 11.9% | 38.1% | 58.5% | 0.2% | 3.2% | 100.0% |
| 2014 | 11.6% | 9.7% | 6.1% | 11.3% | 38.7% | 58.8% | 0.2% | 2.4% | 100.0% |
| 2015 | 13.9% | 9.8% | 7.3% | 12.3% | 43.4% | 54.7% | 0.1% | 1.8% | 100.0% |
| 2016 | 17.5% | 10.0% | 8.3% | 13.1% | 49.0% | 48.3% | 0.1% | 2.6% | 100.0% |
| 2017 | 19.6% | 12.2% | 7.4% | 11.1% | 50.2% | 47.6% | 0.3% | 1.9% | 100.0% |
| 2018 | 23.4% | 11.4% | 9.9% | 10.1% | 54.7% | 43.0% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 100.0% |
| 2019 | 25.2% | 9.0% | 11.3% | 7.8% | 53.2% | 44.2% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 100.0% |
| 2020 | 28.0% | 7.7% | 12.4% | 4.9% | 53.1% | 45.1% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 100.0% |
| 2021 | 28.8% | 8.2% | 12.8% | 9.1% | 58.9% | 37.8% | 0.0% | 3.3% | 100.0% |
| 2022 | 30.3% | 8.4% | 15.6% | 5.2% | 59.4% | 37.8% | 0.0% | 2.8% | 100.0% |
| 1998–2022 | 9.1% | 9.3% | 4.5% | 11.6% | 34.5% | 57.7% | 0.9% | 6.9% | 100.0% |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Department and agency | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL SBDAs | 14,160 | 10,378 | 6,641 | 13,129 | 44,308 | 63,181 | 858 | 7,563 | 115,910 |
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | 2,976 | 845 | 1,414 | 3,377 | 8,612 | 14,095 | 79 | 2,028 | 24,814 |
| Atomic Energy of Canada Limited | 46 | 86 | 36 | 41 | 209 | 1,035 | 4 | 97 | 1,345 |
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 389 | 106 | 138 | 245 | 878 | 1,023 | 6 | 302 | 2,209 |
| Canadian Space Agency | 36 | 43 | 22 | 54 | 155 | 384 | 4 | 38 | 581 |
| Defence Research and Development Canada/National Defence | 273 | 217 | 91 | 215 | 796 | 2,440 | 30 | 316 | 3,582 |
| Environment and Climate Change Canada | 2,103 | 896 | 1,255 | 1,454 | 5,708 | 8,440 | 237 | 712 | 15,097 |
| Fisheries and Oceans Canada | 1,318 | 616 | 730 | 1,515 | 4,179 | 6,126 | 104 | 446 | 10,855 |
| Health Canada | 1,874 | 613 | 884 | 1,550 | 4,921 | 4,000 | 51 | 784 | 9,756 |
| Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada | 59 | 49 | 3 | 43 | 154 | 772 | 10 | 45 | 981 |
| National Research Council Canada | 1,832 | 5,544 | 820 | 2,332 | 10,528 | 13,122 | 184 | 1,286 | 25,120 |
| Natural Resources Canada | 1,467 | 842 | 730 | 1,342 | 4,381 | 9,579 | 88 | 910 | 14,958 |
| Parks Canada | 111 | 35 | 47 | 51 | 244 | 339 | 2 | 23 | 608 |
| Polar Knowledge | 32 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 54 | 12 | - | - | 66 |
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 1,494 | 337 | 371 | 812 | 3,014 | 1,238 | 15 | 245 | 4,512 |
| Statistics Canada | 146 | 135 | 86 | 92 | 459 | 510 | 43 | 311 | 1,323 |
| Transport Canada | 4 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 16 | 66 | 1 | 20 | 103 |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
| Department and agency | Gold | Green | Hybrid | Bronze | Sub-total OA | Closed | NAb | NoDOI | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL SBDAs | 12.2% | 9.0% | 5.7% | 11.3% | 38.2% | 54.5% | 0.7% | 6.5% | 100.0% |
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | 12.0% | 3.4% | 5.7% | 13.6% | 34.7% | 56.8% | 0.3% | 8.2% | 100.0% |
| Atomic Energy of Canada Limited | 3.4% | 6.4% | 2.7% | 3.0% | 15.5% | 77.0% | 0.3% | 7.2% | 100.0% |
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency | 17.6% | 4.8% | 6.2% | 11.1% | 39.7% | 46.3% | 0.3% | 13.7% | 100.0% |
| Canadian Space Agency | 6.2% | 7.4% | 3.8% | 9.3% | 26.7% | 66.1% | 0.7% | 6.5% | 100.0% |
| Defence Research and Development Canada/National Defence | 7.6% | 6.1% | 2.5% | 6.0% | 22.2% | 68.1% | 0.8% | 8.8% | 100.0% |
| Environment and Climate Change Canada | 13.9% | 5.9% | 8.3% | 9.6% | 37.8% | 55.9% | 1.6% | 4.7% | 100.0% |
| Fisheries and Oceans Canada | 12.1% | 5.7% | 6.7% | 14.0% | 38.5% | 56.4% | 1.0% | 4.1% | 100.0% |
| Health Canada | 19.2% | 6.3% | 9.1% | 15.9% | 50.4% | 41.0% | 0.5% | 8.0% | 100.0% |
| Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada | 6.0% | 5.0% | 0.3% | 4.4% | 15.7% | 78.7% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 100.0% |
| National Research Council Canada | 7.3% | 22.1% | 3.3% | 9.3% | 41.9% | 52.2% | 0.7% | 5.1% | 100.0% |
| Natural Resources Canada | 9.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 9.0% | 29.3% | 64.0% | 0.6% | 6.1% | 100.0% |
| Parks Canada | 18.3% | 5.8% | 7.7% | 8.4% | 40.1% | 55.8% | 0.3% | 3.8% | 100.0% |
| Polar Knowledge | 48.5% | 16.7% | 12.1% | 4.5% | 81.8% | 18.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% |
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 33.1% | 7.5% | 8.2% | 18.0% | 66.8% | 27.4% | 0.3% | 5.4% | 100.0% |
| Statistics Canada | 11.0% | 10.2% | 6.5% | 7.0% | 34.7% | 38.5% | 3.3% | 23.5% | 100.0% |
| Transport Canada | 3.9% | 2.9% | 5.8% | 2.9% | 15.5% | 64.1% | 1.0% | 19.4% | 100.0% |
a Some publications are assigned more than one category of open access (e.g., Gold/Green, Bronze/Green) by bibliometric databases. However, for the purposes of this analysis, publications are counted only once according to the “most open” status of the publication (e.g., Gold/Green papers were rolled into the Gold category).
b “NA” includes publications for which there was a digital object identifier (DOI) for the publication; however, the DOI did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. The “NA” column applies only to the 1998–2020 period, as items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
Annex 1: Description of open access status for scientific publications
| Open access status | Description |
|---|---|
| Gold | Available on the publisher's website in a journal where all articles are open access. |
| Green | Available in an Open Access repository, including preprints servers. |
| Hybrid | Available on the publisher's website under an open licence in a journal where not all articles are open access. |
| Bronze | Available on the publisher's website without an open licence in a journal where not all articles are Open Access. |
| Closed | Not available in Open Access |
| No DOI | No Digital Object Identifier (DOI) included and is designated as a closed publication. |
Annex 2: Methodology of retrieving bibliometric data
Bibliometric data
The bibliometric data for 2021 and 2022 presented in this analysis was drawn from the Elsevier Scopus database. As of 2023, Scopus included indexed content from over 7000 publishers, including 26,000+ serials and 292,000+ books from all fields of knowledge (see Scopus Content Coverage Guide, March 2023) (PDF). Scopus does not include all documents likely to have been published by researchers, since some works are disseminated through other scientific media not indexed by Scopus (e.g., specialized journals, national journals, grey literature, and conference proceedings not published in journals). Some SBDAs publish many grey literature reports, such as Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Canadian Wildlife Service Migratory Birds Regulatory Report series and documents produced by the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat at Fisheries and Oceans Canada. As a result, the data presented here are an approximation of open access to SBDA’s scientific output. Scopus does, however, index the share of researchers’ scientific output that is the most visible for Canadian and worldwide scientific communities, and is therefore most likely to be cited. In addition, we have taken a “full counting” approach, meaning that each publication produced by an entity (e.g., government department, research institution, etc. ) is counted once for that entity, regardless of the number of co-authors involved from the entity. For example, if a publication was authored by two ECCC employees, one NRCan employee and one Health Canada employee, each department would be counted as having one publication. The Scopus database includes several types of documents, such as articles, reviews, books, book chapters, conference papers, letters, data papers, editorials, erratum, and short surveys. All document types were included in this analysis.
The data for 1998-2020 provided in previous progress reports on open science (ECCC, 2019, 2020, 2022) were drawn from Clarivate’s Web of Science. In 2020, the Web of Science platform included three databases (the Science Citation Index Expanded™, the Social Sciences Citation Index™ and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index™) that covered, in 2020, more than 13,000 journals from all fields of knowledge (ECCC, 2023). A comparative study of the two databases found that Scopus covered 99.11% of the journals indexed in the Web of Science and included 66.07% more unique journals than Web of Science (Singh et al., 2021). Consequently, it is likely that a search that used Scopus but covered the same period would result in more publications.
For the 1998–2020 period, some publication records included a digital object identifier (DOI) that did not match to a document in the Unpaywall database. The Unpaywall database is integrated with bibliometric databases and is used to determine open access status. Those publication records are listed in the “NA” column in the tables. Items with no results from Unpaywall for 2021 and 2022 were manually checked to determine open access status.
References
ECCC. The 2020 annual report on the federal progress in implementing open science and its benefits.
Singh, V.K., Singh, P., Karmakar, M., Leta, J., & Mayr, P. (2021). The journal coverage of Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions: A comparative analysis. Scientometrics 126, 5113–5142.
Annex 3: Keywords used in the retrieval strategy for the climate change scientific publications metric (Tables 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b)
Research on climate change, to a great extent, is a multidisciplinary field which cannot be delimited by the traditional disciplinary classifications used in the bibliometric database. For reporting year 2022, the OST, within the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), created a retrieval strategy with keyword queries and selected keywords from a list of the most frequent keywords extracted from 30,014 bibliographic records of papers cited in the third and fourth reports of the three working groups under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These keywords were used once again by ECCC Library Services as part of its bibliometric data retrieval strategy for reporting year 2023.
| Model parameters | Atmosphere | Climate | Earth and space sciences | Ocean |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Air-Temperature Variation Atmospheric model Atmospheric Parameterization Climate Change Scenario Climate Model Climate Modelling Climate Simulation Climatic Modelling Climatic Simulation Cyclone Activity Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Extreme Rainfall Extreme Weather Flood Risk GCM Simulation General-Circulation Model Heatwave Intra-Seasonal Oscillation Kyoto Protocol Ocean Model Ocean Modelling Ocean Simulation Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model Ocean-Atmosphere Model Potential Evapotranspiration Precipitation Event Precipitation Variability Seasonality" and "Climate Simulated Climate Storm Surge Surface Air-Temperature Temperature Trend |
Aerosol Effect Aerosol Emission African Monsoon Antarctic Oscillation Anthropogenic Aerosol Anthropogenic Carbon Anthropogenic Emission Anthropogenic Sulfate Arctic Oscillation Asian Monsoon Asian Summer Monsoon Atmosphere Dynamics Atmospheric Aerosol Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric Circulation Pattern Atmospheric CO2 Atmospheric Methane Black Carbon Carbon Budget Carbon Cycle Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sink Carbon Storage Carbonaceous Aerosol Carbon Dioxide Capture Carbon Dioxide Emission CH4 Emission CO2 Emission El-Nino Extratropical Circulation GHG Emission Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Warming La Nina Madden-Julian Oscillation Methane Emission North Atlantic Oscillation Stratospheric Circulation Sulphate Aerosol Tropospheric Aerosol Tropospheric Methane |
Annular Mode Anthropogenic Climate Climate Change Climate Dynamics Climate Extreme Climate Feedback Climate Forcing Climate Forecast Climate Governance Climate Impact Climate Interannual Variability Climate Interdecadal Variability Climate Oscillation Climate Policy Climate Response Climate Sensitivity Climate Simulation Climate Trend Climate Variability Climate Variation Climate Warming Climatic Change Climatic Impact Climatic Oscillation Climatic Response Climatic System Climatic Trend Climatic Variability Climatology Cost of Climate Effect of Climate Future Climate Global Warming Long-Term Climate Potential Climate Regional Warming Transient Climate Warming Potential Winter Climate |
Lagrangian Model AMOCa Drought ENSOb |
Albedo Antarctic Melting Atlantic Circulation Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Coastal Erosion Coastal Management Coastal Vulnerability Coral Mortality Deep Convection East Greenland Current Equilibrium Line Altitude Greenland Ice Greenland Ice Sheet Greenland Melting Ice Core Ice Shelf Ice Sheet North Atlantic Circulation North Atlantic Deep-Water North Atlantic Drift North Atlantic Ocean Ocean Carbon Ocean Circulation Ocean Heat Pacific Circulation Permafrost Polar Ice Sea Ice Extent Sea-Ice Cover Sea-Ice Cover Duration Sea-Level Change Sea-Level Rise Sea-Surface Salinity Sea-Surface Temperature SST Anomaly Thermohaline Circulation Tropical Convection Upper Ocean |
a Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)
b El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
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