Appendix D: 2008 Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) annual report – Additional information

Appendix D - Additional Information

Abbreviations

General Abbreviations

A2C-AMP

Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, and ampicillin

AARD

Alberta Agriculture and Rural
Development

ACSSuT

Resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline

ACKSSuT

Resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline

AKSSuT

Resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline

AMU

Antimicrobial use

ATC

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical

ATCC

American Type Culture Collection

BPW

Buffered peptone water

CAHI

Canadian Animal Health Institute

CCS

Canadian CompuScript

CFIA

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

CLSI

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

CQA®

Canadian Quality Assurance

CTM

Close to market weight

DANMAP

Danish Integrated AntimicrobialResistance Monitoring and Research Program

DDD

Defined daily dose

GSS

Global Salmonella Surveillance

IMS

Intercontinental Medical Statistics

ISO

International Standards Organization

LFZ

Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses

mCCDA

Modified cefoperazone charcoal deoxycholate agar

MHB

Mueller Hinton broth

MIC

Minimal inhibitory concentration

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSRV

Modified semi-solid Rappaport Vassiliadis

NA

Not available

N/A

Not applicable

NC

Not classified

NML

National Microbiology Laboratory

OIÉ

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale

PCVAD

Porcine circovirus-associated disease

PHAC

Public Health Agency of Canada

PPHL

Provincial Public Health Laboratory

PRRS

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

PT

Phage type

STL

Salmonella Typing Laboratory

USA

United States of America

VDD

Veterinary Drugs Directorate

Antimicrobials

AMC

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

AMK

Amikacin

AMP

Ampicillin

AZM

Azithromycin

CHL

Chloramphenicol

CIP

Ciprofloxacin

CLI

Clindamycin

CRO

Ceftriaxone

DAP

Daptomycin

ERY

Erythromycin

FLA

Flavomycin

FLR

Florfenicol

FOX

Cefoxitin

GEN

Gentamicin

KAN

Kanamycin

LIN

Lincomycin

LNZ

Linezolid

NAL

Nalidixic acid

NIT

Nitrofurantoin

PEN

Penicillin

QDA

Quinupristin-dalfopristin

SSS

Sulfisoxazole

STR

Streptomycin

SXT

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

TEL

Telithromycin

TET

Tetracycline

TIG

Tigecycline

TIO

Ceftiofur

TYL

Tylosin

VAN

Vancomycin

Canadian Provinces and Territories

AB

Alberta

BC

British Columbia

MB

Manitoba

NB

New Brunswick

NL

Newfoundland and Labrador

NS

Nova Scotia

NT

Northwest Territories

NU

Nunavut

ON

Ontario

PEI

Prince Edward Island

QC

Québec

SK

Saskatchewan

YT

Yukon Territory

Glossary

Antimicrobial: Substance (including natural and synthetic products) that kills or inhibits the growth of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. Throughout this report, the term "antimicrobial" is used to refer only to drugs effective against bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance: Observed when the minimal inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial is equal to or greater than the defined resistance breakpoint. Resistant bacteria are able to withstand the effects of an antimicrobial principally through 1 of these 4 mechanisms: 1) drug inactivation or modification by enzyme production, 2) adaptation of bacterial metabolism, 3) structural modification of antimicrobial targets and, 4) mechanisms to decrease drug permeability or increase drug elimination. Moreover, some bacteria have natural (or intrinsic) resistance to certain antimicrobials.

Co-resistance: Coexistence of 2 or more genes or mutations in the same bacterial strain, each of which confers resistance to a different class of drug. Also designated "associated resistance" (Aarestrup, 2006).

Cross-resistance: Situation in which resistance to 1 drug is associated with resistance to another drug, and that resistance is attributable to a single biochemical mechanism (Aarestrup, 2006). For more details, see Appendix C.3 in the 2005 CIPARS Annual Report.

Defined daily dose (DDD): Statistical measure of drug consumption developed by the World Health Organization to standardize comparisons of drug usage at international and other levels, independently of cost or drug formulation.

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC): Lowest antimicrobial concentration required to inhibit bacterial growth after an overnight in vitro incubation. The MIC is used to confirm or monitor antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Resistance is said to exist when the MIC is higher than the defined breakpoint of resistance for a given bacterial isolate.

Multidrug resistance: Used in this report to describe resistance to more than 1 structurally-unrelated class of antimicrobials in a given bacteria isolate, regardless of the resistance mechanisms involved. Multidrug resistance (also referred to as multiple drug resistance or multiresistance) can result from bacterial mechanisms of cross-resistance and/or co-resistance. For more details, see the 2005 CIPARS Annual Report, Appendix C.3.

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