Chapter 2. Antimicrobial Resistance
Farm Surveillance
Key Findings
Pigs
Salmonella (n = 93)
In 2012, the category I ß-lactams ceftriaxone (3%, 3/93) and ceftiofur (3%, 3/93) had resistance levels that were slightly lower than in 2011 [ceftriaxone (5%, 4/77) and ceftiofur (5%, 4/77)]. None of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or nalidixic acid (Table 43 and Table 45). Overall, there was a decrease in resistance to 4 or more antimicrobial classes (14%, 13/93) in 2012 compared to 2011 (29%, 22/77).
No significant temporal variations were detected in the percentages of Salmonella isolates with resistance to the selected antimicrobials between 2012 and 2011 or between 2012 and 2006 (Figure 22).
Escherichia Coli (n = 1,553) Footnote 9
In 2012, the category 1 ß-lactams amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (3%, 40/1,553), ceftriaxone (3%, 39/1,553), and ceftiofur (3%, 39/1,553) had resistance levels that were higher than in 2011 amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (1%, 18/1,667), ceftriaxone (1%, 17/1,667), and ceftiofur (1%, 15/1,667). When examined temporally, ceftiofur resistance was significantly higher in 2012 as compared to either 2006 (1%, 17/1,721), or 2011 (1%, 15/1,667) (Figure 23). Similarly, resistance to streptomycin was significantly higher in 2012 (44%, 679/1,553) than in 2006 (37%, 619/1,721), or in 2011 (33%, 548/1,667) (Figure 23). However, resistance to ampicillin was significantly lower in 2012 (31%, 480/1,553) than in 2006 (35%, 564/1,721) (Figure 23). None of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin but reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was detected in less than 1% (6/1,553) of isolates (Table 46).
Multiclass Resistance
| Serovar | Number (%) of isolates | Number of isolates by number of antimicrobial classes in the resistance pattern | Number of isolates resistant by antimicrobial class and antimicrobial | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | β-lactams | Folate pathway inhibitors | Macrolides | Phenicols | Quinolones | Tetracyclines | |||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 6-7 | GEN | KAN | STR | AMP | AMC | CRO | FOX | TIO | SSS | SXT | AZM | CHL | CIP | NAL | TET | ||
| Derby | 23 (24.7) | 10 | 12 | 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.13 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | 13 | 1 | 22 | ||||||||||||
| Infantis | 13 (14.0) | 12 | 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Typhimurium var. 5- | 12 (12.9) | 8 | 2 | 2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.8 | 2 | 2 | 6 | |||||||||||
| London | 6 (6.5) | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Typhimurium var. Copenhagen | 6 (6.5) | 2 | 4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | ||||||||||||
| California | 5 (5.4) | 3 | 2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2 | 5 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
| Livingstone | 5 (5.4) | 5 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||
| 4,[5],12:i:- | 4 (4.3) | 1 | 1 | 2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Typhimurium | 3 (3.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Alachua | 2 (2.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Bovismorbificans | 2 (2.2) | 2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4,12:i:- | 2 (2.2) | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Less common serovars | 10 (10.8) | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1 | 4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
| Total | 93 (100) | 24 | 26 | 30 | 13 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.12 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.39 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.22 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.3 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.3 | 40 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | 12 | 55 | ||||||
Antimicrobial abbreviations are defined in the Preamble.
Red, blue, and black numbers indicate isolates resistant to antimicrobials in Categories I, II, and III of importance to human medicine, respectively.
Serovars represented by less than 2% of isolates were classified as "Less common serovars".
| Animal species | Number (%) of isolates | Number of isolates by number of antimicrobial classes in the resistance pattern | Number of isolates resistant by antimicrobial class and antimicrobial | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | β-lactams | Folate pathway inhibitors | Macrolides | Phenicols | Quinolones | Tetracyclines | |||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 6-7 | GEN | KAN | STR | AMP | AMC | CRO | FOX | TIO | SSS | SXT | AZM | CHL | CIP | NAL | TET | ||
| Pigs | 1,553 | 220 | 344 | 732 | 253 | 4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.12 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.165 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.679 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.480 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.40 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.39 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.40 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.39 | 630 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.180 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5 | 254 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4 | 1,192 | |
Antimicrobial abbreviations are defined in the Preamble.
Red, blue, and black numbers indicate isolates resistant to antimicrobials in Categories I, II, and III of importance to human medicine, respectively.
Temporal Antimicrobial Resistance Summary
Figure 22. Temporal variations in resistance of Salmonella isolates from pigs
| Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of isolates | 72 | 110 | 61 | 124 | 101 | 77 | 93 |
| Antimicrobial | |||||||
| Ampicillin | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.24% | 35% | 33% | 30% | 27% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.30% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.24% |
| Ceftiofur | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.6% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.2% |
| Gentamicin | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 0% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.3% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.1% |
| Nalidixic acid | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% |
| Streptomycin | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.38% | 44% | 40% | 48% | 32% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.32% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.44% |
| Tetracycline | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.57% | 57% | 60% | 66% | 47% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.50% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.62% |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.7% | 9% | 3% | 12% | 4% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.15% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.3% |
For the temporal analyses, the proportion (%) of isolates resistant to a specific antimicrobial over the current year has been compared to the proportion (%) of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year (grey areas). |
|||||||
Figure 23. Temporal variations in resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from pigs
| Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of isolates | 1,721 | 1,575 | 1,425 | 2,057 | 1,673 | 1,667 | 1,553 |
| Antimicrobial | |||||||
| Ampicillin | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.35% | 36% | 34% | 34% | 30% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.31% | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.31% |
| Ceftiofur | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 0% | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.1% | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.2% |
| Gentamicin | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.1% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.1% |
| Nalidixic acid | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.0% |
| Streptomycin | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.37% | 34% | 35% | 37% | 33% | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.33% | Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial.44% |
| Tetracycline | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.79% | 78% | 80% | 77% | 75% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.77% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.77% |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.12% | 10% | 19% | 12% | 11% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.13% | Percentage of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year.12% |
For the temporal analyses, the proportion (%) of isolates resistant to a specific antimicrobial over the current year has been compared to the proportion (%) of isolates resistant to the same antimicrobial during the first and the previous surveillance year (grey areas). The presence of blue areas indicates significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for a given antimicrobial. |
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Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
More details on how to interpret the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) tables are provided in the CIPARS Annual Report 2012 – Chapter 1. Design and Methods.
| Antimicrobial | n | Percentiles | % R | Distribution (%) of MICs (µg/mL) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC 50 | MIC 90 | ≤ 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256 | >256 | ||||
| I | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 93 | 1 | 8 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.69.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.6.5 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.9.7 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.9.7 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Ceftiofur | 93 | 1 | 1 | 3.2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.87.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4.3 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.3.2 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||
| Ceftriaxone | 93 | ≤ 0.25 | ≤ 0.25 | 3.2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.96.8 | Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2.2 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.1 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 93 | ≤ 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.75.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.23.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||||
| II | Ampicillin | 93 | 1 | > 32 | 23.7 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.64.5 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.10.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | 23.7 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Azithromycin | 93 | 4 | 8 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.9.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.68.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.20.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||
| Cefoxitin | 93 | 2 | 4 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.46.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.37.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.10.8 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||||
| Gentamicin | 93 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.1 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.5.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.66.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.23.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.2 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.1 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Kanamycin | 93 | ≤ 8 | > 64 | 12.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.86.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | 12.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 93 | 4 | 4 | 0.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.24.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.72.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3.2 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||||
| Streptomycin | 93 | ≤ 32 | > 64 | 41.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.58.1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.5.4 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | 36.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 93 | ≤ 0.12 | 0.5 | 4.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.68.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.17.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.8.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Table 45 - Footnote 2 | 4.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| III | Chloramphenicol | 93 | 8 | > 32 | 12.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.11.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.74.2 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.2.2 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | 10.8 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Sulfisoxazole | 93 | 64 | > 256 | 43.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.19.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.30.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3.2 | 43.0 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | ||
| Tetracycline | 93 | > 32 | > 32 | 59.1 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.40.9 Table 45 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.1 Table 45 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.4.3 | 53.8 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| IV | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Antimicrobial | n | Percentiles | % R | Distribution (%) of MICs (µg/mL) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIC 50 | MIC 90 | ≤ 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256 | >256 | ||||
| I | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 1,553 | 4 | 8 | 2.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.26.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.41.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.26.5 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.7 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 0.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity |
| Ceftiofur | 1,553 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2.5 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.3.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.53.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.39.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.8 | Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.2 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 1.4 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| Ceftriaxone | 1,553 | ≤ 0.25 | ≤ 0.25 | 2.5 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.97.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 | Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.1 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.7 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.3 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.3 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Ciprofloxacin | 1,553 | ≤ 0.015 | ≤ 0.015 | 0.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.97.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.2 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Table 46 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| II | Ampicillin | 1,553 | 2 | > 32 | 30.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.10.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.37.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.17.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.8 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.0 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.1 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 30.8 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity |
| Azithromycin | 1,553 | 4 | 8 | 0.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.16.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.68.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.12.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.5 | 0.3 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |||
| Cefoxitin | 1,553 | 4 | 8 | 2.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.33.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.54.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.7.5 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.6 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.6 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 1.9 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Gentamicin | 1,553 | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.6 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.29.9 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.62.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.6.2 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.2 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.3 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 0.5 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Kanamycin | 1,553 | ≤ 8 | > 64 | 10.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.89.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.3 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 10.4 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | ||
| Nalidixic acid | 1,553 | 2 | 4 | 0.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.12.4 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.73.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.13.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.0.1 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 0.1 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Streptomycin | 1,553 | ≤ 32 | > 64 | 43.7 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.56.3 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.18.4 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 25.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 1,553 | ≤ 0.12 | > 4 | 11.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.75.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.10.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.1.7 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 11.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| III | Chloramphenicol | 1,553 | 8 | 32 | 16.4 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.2.0 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.29.3 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.48.4 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.4.0 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.9.1 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | 7.3 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity |
| Sulfisoxazole | 1,553 | 16 | > 256 | 40.6 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.51.8 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.7.5 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | 40.6 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | |||
| Tetracycline | 1,553 | > 32 | > 32 | 76.8 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.23.2 Table 46 - Footnote 1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.1 | Percentage of isolates that were susceptible to the antimicrobial according to the predefined susceptibility breakpoint.0.3 Table 46 - Footnote 2 | Percentage of isolates that were resistant to the antimicrobial according to the predefined resistance breakpoint.1.5 | 75.0 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| IV | |||||||||||||||||||||
Recovery Results
| CIPARS Component/ Animal species |
Year | Percentage (%) of isolates recovered and number of isolates recovered / number of samples submitted | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli | Salmonella | Campylobacter | Enterococcus | ||||||
| Pigs | 2006 | 99% | 459/462 | 20% | 94/462 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | 81% | 374/462 |
| 2007 | 100% | 612/612 | 21% | 136/612 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | 81% | 495/612 | |
| 2008 | 99% | 481/486 | 13% | 61/486 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | 92% | 448/486 | |
| 2009 | 99% | 695/698 | 18% | 124/698 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | 97% | 680/698 | |
| 2010 | 99% | 566/569 | 18% | 101/569 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | 96% | 545/569 | |
| 2011 | 100% | 560/560 | 14% | 77/560 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
| 2012 | 99% | 519/520 | 18% | 93/520 | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | Discontinuation or no surveillance activity | |
Grey-shaded areas indicate either: a) isolates recovered from sampling activities outside the scope of CIPARS routine (or "core") surveillance in the specified year (i.e. grey-shaded areas with data) or b) discontinuation or no surveillance activity (i.e. grey-shaded areas with no data).
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