Antimicrobial stewardship and veterinary drug regulation

As Canada has a federated system of government, the provinces and territories (via the veterinarians and pharmacist professions they regulate) control the use of antimicrobial drugs, whereas the Federal Government approves the sale of these drugs. This division of responsibilities creates complexity and shared responsibility for oversight on what can be imported and sold and what can be imported and used. This has implications for proper stewardship of antimicrobial use.

Prior to the recently introduced amendments, the Food and Drug Regulations did not include appropriate oversight on importation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of veterinary drugs. These APIs did not have to comply with the rules of Good Manufacturing Practices, and hence, did not have to meet conditions of who can import these drugs. Thus, APIs, in specific situations, could be imported and used directly in animals without further modifications. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Regulations did not address drug importation for use in animals by animal owners for "personal use" (also known as "own use") purposes. The existing policy in this context was established to support human health by allowing individuals to import a maximum of a 90-day supply of a drug for their own use to continue and finish medication when travelling abroad; however, interpretation of this regulation for animal use as "personal use" by animal owners created a gap. Veterinary drugs imported for personal use under the existing rules included unauthorized products of unknown quality, efficacy or safety and thus have the potential to adversely impact food safety and human and animal health.

The existence of these gaps in regulatory oversight of veterinary drugs, including antimicrobial drugs, misaligned Canada with international partners ^{Footnote 5}. This limited Canada from effectively responding to World Health Organization and World Organisation for Animal Health international recommendations on AMR (i.e., effective national controls on licensing, manufacturing, sales, distribution, monitoring and use of antimicrobials in food producing animals and the resulting impacts) ^{Footnote 6 Footnote 7}. This gap was also noted in a report on AMR from the Office of the Auditor General of Canada published in 2015 ^{Footnote 8}.

New regulatory changes for veterinary antimicrobials

To strengthen oversight and close the regulatory gaps in the Food and Drug Regulations, Health Canada introduced a set of amendments for consultation in July 2016 ^{Footnote 9}. As part of a multi-year effort and with effective collaboration and support from multiple stakeholders cutting across jurisdictional boundaries, Health Canada published the final regulatory changes to the Food and Drug Regulations in the Canada Gazette, Part II in May 2017 ^{Footnote 10}. These changes focused on four key measures detailed below.

Increasing oversight of unapproved veterinary drugs imported for food animals

Only drugs that Health Canada has determined not to be of risk to public health or food safety may be imported for personal use and only in limited quantities. The eligibility criteria do not allow for the importation of prescription drugs or medically important antimicrobials including active pharmaceutical ingredients. There is the List of Certain Antimicrobial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (List A) that specifies individual antimicrobial drugs considered important to human medicine ^{Footnote 11}.

Another provision will ensure that no person shall import a drug into Canada for the purpose of administering it to an animal that produces food or an animal that is intended for consumption as food, unless authorized by Health Canada. This will be set out in the List of Certain Veterinary Drugs Which May be Imported But Not Sold (List B). This list will contain specific unapproved veterinary drugs that may be imported but not sold ^{Footnote 11} and that have met all the eligibility criteria as determined by Health Canada.

Increasing oversight on importation and quality of active pharmaceutical ingredients

Under the new rules, individuals who fabricate, package, label, import or test an API for veterinary use have to do so in accordance with an Establishment License, which is issued by Health Canada to a person in Canada allowing them to conduct licensable activities in a building that has been inspected and assessed as being in compliance with relevant requirements of the Food and Drug Regulations. More specifically, all importers of an ingredient for veterinary use on List A ^{Footnote 11} including veterinarians and pharmacists, will have to apply for an Establishment License. In addition, the new regulations will prohibit the import or sale of veterinary APIs that are not manufactured according to the Good Manufacturing Practices. This provision creates requirements around the quality of veterinary drugs on the Canadian market and that only individuals with an Establishment License are importing APIs on List A and are doing so once registered with Health Canada.

Requirement to file annual sales reports for medically important antimicrobials

In contrast to the current situation, which relies upon voluntary reporting of veterinary antimicrobial sales data by drug manufacturers (via the Canadian Animal Health Institute) ^{Footnote 12} this new mandatory data collection requirement will request manufacturers, importers and individuals who import, as well as individuals who compound medically important antimicrobials, to submit annual veterinary antimicrobial sales data to Health Canada. Data will be reported in the form of total quantity sold or compounded and an estimate of the quantity sold or compounded for each intended animal species. A data reporting template is being developed by Health Canada in collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada. This requirement will help measure the amount of antimicrobials available on the Canadian market for use in animals and support Canadian surveillance programs in the analysis of patterns and trends of AMR. Species-specific sales data could then be correlated with the species level AMR surveillance data, which is collected through the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) ^{Footnote 12} and other programs. If hazards are identified from this surveillance and pursuant to a risk assessment, appropriate risk management actions would be considered in partnership with provincial regulatory bodies.

An alternative regulatory pathway for veterinary health products

Based on the premise that promoting the health and welfare of animals will help to reduce the severity and occurrence of infections and future antimicrobial usage, a flexible and risk appropriate regulatory framework for veterinary health products (VHPs) for animals has been developed to create a more streamlined approach for certain low risk health products. It provides admissible substances (such as vitamins, minerals, botanicals and traditional medicines with a history of safe use) and conditions for these products to be eligible for sale as VHPs, as identified on List of Veterinary Health Products (List C) ^{Footnote 11}.

A VHP can be sold with claims for maintaining general health and welfare of animals and cannot be marketed for the purposes of treating or preventing a disease or an infection. These low risk products are needed as an additional health management tool to reduce the need for conventional drugs (such as antimicrobials). These new rules require companies to notify Health Canada at least 30 days before selling a VHP or making a change to a marketed VHP. Additional requirements include labels to state "Veterinary Health Product", the reporting of serious adverse drug reactions and the manufacturing of a VHP to follow the Good Manufacturing Practices for human natural health products.

These regulatory changes will be implemented starting in November 2017. Efforts are being made by Health Canada in collaboration with stakeholders to ensure a successful transition to the new rules.

Additional policy initiatives to promote antimicrobial stewardship

To complement this suite of new regulatory changes, Health Canada has worked over the years, in collaboration with provincial and territorial authorities and other stakeholders, to make additional changes within existing regulatory authorities to promote the responsible use of antimicrobials in animals. This initiative includes two key measures described below.

Making all medically important antimicrobials prescription drugs

It is anticipated that by December 1, 2018, a prescription will be required from a licensed veterinarian before an individual will be able to purchase a medically important antimicrobial drug for use in animals. Veterinarians, who prescribe for animals under their care, possess the scientific and clinical training to assess the health of animals, diagnose disease conditions, determine the need for antimicrobial drug treatment and choose the most appropriate course of treatment. Consequently, involving veterinarians in making antimicrobial therapeutic decisions is an indispensable component of enhancing antimicrobial stewardship. This is an internationally recognized best practice^{Footnote 7 Footnote 13}. Of note, since 2004, Health Canada has required that all new medically-important antimicrobials^{Footnote 4} for animals be sold pursuant to a prescription by a licensed practitioner. With this change, Health Canada aims to establish the same level of oversight for all medically important antimicrobials sold in Canada, including those approved prior to 2004.

The prescription drug status of in-feed formulations means that a veterinary prescription will be required prior to the sale of medicated feed containing a prescription drug. As per the anticipated policy changes, it is intended that the medicated feed containing a prescription drug can be prepared by a feed mill in advance of receiving a prescription, as long as the feed is made as per the Compendium of Medicating Ingredients Brochure (CMIB). The CMIB is maintained by the Canada Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)^{Footnote 14} and is an important resource for feed mills, veterinarians and producers. It provides instructions on how to manufacture medicated feeds and directions for its use. The CMIB currently includes only non-prescription (over-the-counter) in-feed medications and no drugs with a prescription status are listed. Moving forward, Health Canada and the CFIA intend to include all the approved in-feed drug products, including prescription drugs, in the new version of the CMIB. The prescription will be required prior to the sale of the medicated feed. A prescription will continue to be required prior to the manufacturing of a medicated feed if it is made in a manner not consistent with the CMIB (i.e., in an extra-label manner). The new version of CMIB is anticipated to be launched in spring 2018.

Removing growth promotion claims from medically important antimicrobials

Specific veterinary antimicrobials were historically authorized for production claims in food animals to promote growth and to improve feed efficiency. This is no longer considered to be a prudent use of such antimicrobials. The decision to remove growth promotion claims from the product labels of medically important antimicrobials is in line with international best practices and principles^{Footnote 6 Footnote 13}. These important drugs should be reserved for treating or preventing diseases and not for enhancing weight gain in animals.

Changes to the drug prescription status and removal of production claims are being implemented concurrently; both require changes to drug labelling. Companies that need to modify labels to identify them as prescription drugs and to remove growth promotion claims will be able to do so simultaneously. Health Canada aims to implement these changes in collaboration with relevant partners including provinces and territories, which have oversight on the distribution and dispensing of these drugs. Implementation is anticipated between February and December 2018 so that there is adequate time to adapt to these changes. Additionally, end users, such as food animal producers, feed mill owners and veterinarians, are being informed of and prepared for these modifications. These changes have required extensive consultation and collaboration among multiple stakeholders over the last several years.

Implications of the new measures

All regulatory changes and policy measures described above are important and concrete elements of the Government of Canada's Federal Framework and Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance and Use ^{Footnote 1 Footnote 15}. By the end of the implementation period (expected in late 2018), Canada will have a sound regulatory infrastructure in place at the federal level to further enhance and support antimicrobial stewardship in Canada as summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Summary of the federal veterinary drug regulatory infrastructure to advance antimicrobial stewardship

Type of infrastructure	How it will advance antimicrobial stewardship
New regulatory provisions	Increased controls over the importation of medically important antimicrobials for veterinary use
	Increased controls over the quality of active pharmaceutical ingredients for veterinary use coming into Canada (aligned with human drugs)
	Increased surveillance of the amount of medically important antimicrobials for veterinary use available for sale in Canada
	Improved access to veterinary health products, which are drugs in dosage form that are used to maintain or promote the health and welfare of animals and are not for use to treat or cure disease
New policies under existing regulatory provisions	Making all medically important antimicrobials prescription drugs
	Removing growth promotion claims from labels of medically important antimicrobials

Conclusion

The prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in animals is a shared responsibility across governments, industry and veterinary and agriculture sectors. Health Canada’s contributions via the regulatory amendments to the Food and Drug Regulations, as well as other complementary policy initiatives, are essential to ensure safe and effective drug products are on the market and to enhance antimicrobial stewardship in Canada. These efforts will support enhanced understanding of the linkages between antimicrobial use in animals and AMR in animals and humans. It is important that these changes are supplemented and supported by ongoing activities from other partners and stakeholders, including provincial and territorial authorities, veterinarians, pharmaceutical industries and food animal producers, to successfully promote the health and wellbeing of animals and Canadians.

Authors’ statement

MM, X-ZL–writing of original draft, review and editing; MJI–writing, review and editing

Conflict of interest

None.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all those who have been part of this journey and have contributed significantly to these important initiatives to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship in Canada.