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FluWatch report: April 2 – April 8, 2017 (week 14)

Overall Summary

  • Overall, influenza activity is slowly declining in Canada.
  • In week 14, influenza B accounted for a greater proportion of influenza laboratory detections, hospitalizations and outbreaks compared to the previous week.
  • Influenza activity due to influenza B is slowly increasing but is low compared to the same time period in the previous two seasons.
  • Influenza A activity is decreasing; however, influenza A continues to be the most common type of influenza affecting Canadians.
  • The majority of laboratory detections, hospitalizations and deaths have been among adults aged 65+ years.
  • For more information on the flu, see our Flu(influenza) web page.

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Influenza/Influenza-like Illness Activity (geographic spread)

In week 14, seven regions across five provinces and territories reported no influenza or influenza-like illness activity. Sporadic influenza activity was reported in 30 regions across ten provinces and territories. Localized activity was reported in 15 regions across six provinces. One region in QC reported widespread activity in week 14. For more details on a specific region, click on the map.

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Organization:

Public Health Agency of Canada

Date published: 2017-04-13

Related Topics

Figure 1 – Map of overall influenza/ILI activity level by province and territory, Canada, week 14

Figure 1
Figure 1 Legend

Note: Influenza/ILI activity levels, as represented on this map, are assigned and reported by Provincial and Territorial Ministries of Health, based on laboratory confirmations, sentinel ILI rates and reported outbreaks. Please refer to detailed definitions at the end of the report. Maps from previous weeks, including any retrospective updates, are available in the mapping feature found in the Weekly Influenza Reports.

Figure 1 - Text Description

In week 14, seven regions across five provinces and territories reported no influenza or influenza-like illness activity. Sporadic influenza activity was reported in 30 regions across ten provinces and territories. Localized activity was reported in 15 regions across six provinces. One region in QC reported widespread activity in week 14.

Laboratory Confirmed Influenza Detections

In week 14, the number (1,159) and the percentage of tests positive for influenza (13%) decreased slightly from the previous week. Although declining, influenza A continues to account for the majority (67%) of detections. Influenza B detections have been steadily increasing since mid-February. Influenza B detections remain very low compared to the same time period in the previous two seasons. For data on other respiratory virus detections, see the Respiratory Virus Detections in Canada Report on the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) website.

Figure 2 – Number of positive influenza tests and percentage of tests positive, by type, subtype and report week, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Figure 2

The shaded area indicates weeks where the positivity rate was at least 5% and a minimum of 15 positive tests were observed, signalling the start and end of seasonal influenza activity.

Figure 2 - Text Description
Figure 2 - Number of positive influenza tests and percentage of tests positive, by type, subtype and report week, Canada, 2016-17
Report Week A(Unsubtyped) A(H3) A(H1)pdm09 Influenza B
35 0 <5 0 0
36 <5 0 <5 9
37 <5 17 0 <5
38 11 28 <5 <5
39 14 41 <5 7
40 0 47 <5 <5
41 10 31 0 <5
42 14 49 <5 6
43 16 76 <5 <5
44 19 110 <5 9
45 31 150 <5 11
46 52 140 <5 7
47 54 200 0 9
48 91 272 <5 7
49 148 414 <5 12
50 305 467 <5 18
51 535 750 <5 17
52 857 1064 <5 33
1 1444 1360 <5 38
2 1516 2118 10 39
3 1354 1412 0 47
4 1336 1220 <5 47
5 1222 1290 7 62
6 1200 1225 9 81
7 1291 1141 11 97
8 1345 899 17 128
9 977 935 7 159
10 802 726 14 203
11 629 347 13 242
12 498 259 <5 302
13 369 221 0 309
14 286 122 6 361

To date this season, 35,937 laboratory confirmed influenza detections have been reported, of which 94% have been influenza A. Influenza A(H3N2) is the most common subtype detected. For more detailed weekly and cumulative influenza data, see the text descriptions for Figures 2 and 3 or the Respiratory Virus Detections in Canada Report.

Figure 3 – Cumulative numbers of positive influenza specimens by type/subtype and province/territory, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Figure 3
Figure 3 - Text Description
Figure 3 - Cumulative numbers of positive influenza specimens by type/subtype and province/territory, Canada, 2016-17
Reporting
provincesTable Figure 3 - Footnote 1		 Week (April 2, 2017 to April 8, 2017) Cumulative (August 28, 2016 to April 8, 2017)
Influenza A B Influenza A B A & B
Total
A
Total		 A
(H1)pdm09		 A
(H3)		 ATable Figure 3 - Footnote UnS B
Total		 A
Total		 A
(H1)pdm09		 A
(H3)		 ATable Figure 3 - Footnote UnS B
Total
BC 13 1 9 3 41 5310 38 3292 1980 556 5866
AB 23 0 7 16 59 3772 24 3600 148 324 4096
SK 9 0 7 2 9 1735 4 1006 725 122 1857
MB 21 0 14 7 15 461 0 171 290 82 543
ON 104 5 77 22 111 9533 60 7729 1744 581 10114
QC 163 0 0 163 76 10465 2 650 9813 502 10967
NB 26 0 0 26 15 1055 2 109 944 38 1093
NS 14 0 0 14 5 383 0 13 370 19 402
PE 3 0 3 0 0 195 2 193 0 1 196
NL 32 0 0 32 2 416 0 43 373 9 425
YT 1 0 1 0 0 213 0 164 49 9 222
NT 1 0 1 0 0 59 0 58 1 10 69
NU 0 0 0 0 1 85 0 83 2 2 87
Canada 410 6 119 285 334 33682 132 17111 16439 2255 35937
PercentageTable Figure 3 - Footnote 2 55% 1% 29% 70% 45% 94% 0% 51% 49% 6% 100%

To date this season, detailed information on age and type/subtype has been received for 24,608 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases (Table 1). Among cases with reported age and type/subtype information, adults aged 65+ accounted for half of the reported influenza cases. Among cases of influenza A(H3N2), adults aged 65+ represented 49% of cases, followed by adults aged 20-64 (34% of cases). Among cases of influenza B, adults aged 20-64 represented 41% of cases.

Table 1 - Weekly and cumulative numbers of positive influenza specimens by type, subtype and age-group reported through case-based laboratory reportingTable 1 - Footnote 1, Canada, 2016-17, week 14
Age groups (years) Week (April 2, 2017 to April 8, 2017) Cumulative (August 28, 2016 to April 8, 2017)
Influenza A B Influenza A B Influenza A and B
A Total A(H1) pdm09 A(H3) ATable 1 - Footnote UnS Total A Total A(H1) pdm09 A(H3) ATable 1 - Footnote UnS Total # %
0-4 <5 0 <5 <5 9 2158 12 819 1327 139 2297 9%
5-19 <5 0 <5 <5 20 2149 10 1069 1070 262 2411 10%
20-44 >5 0 5 <5 13 3348 22 1790 1536 266 3614 15%
45-64 16 0 10 6 27 3765 19 1930 1816 373 4138 17%
65+ 39 0 17 22 31 11645 10 5372 6263 503 12148 49%
Total 73 0 37 36 100 23065 73 10980 12012 1543 24608 100%
PercentageTable 1 - Footnote 2 42% 0% 51% 49% 58% 94% 0% 48% 52% 6%    

Syndromic/Influenza-like Illness Surveillance

Healthcare Professionals Sentinel Syndromic Surveillance

In week 14, 1.4% of visits to healthcare professionals were due to influenza-like illness, an increase compared to the percentage of visits reported in week 13.

Figure 4 - Percentage of visits for ILI reported by sentinels by report week, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Number of participants reporting in week 14: 111

Figure 4

Delays in the reporting of data may cause data to change retrospectively. In BC, AB, and SK, data are compiled by a provincial sentinel surveillance program for reporting to FluWatch. Not all sentinel physicians report every week.

Figure 4 - Text Description
Figure 4 - Percentage of visits for ILI reported by sentinels by report week, Canada, 2016-17
Report week % Visits for ILI
35 0.96%
36 0.96%
37 0.98%
38 0.96%
39 0.94%
40 1.03%
41 2.41%
42 1.04%
43 1.01%
44 1.39%
45 1.32%
46 0.97%
47 1.11%
48 1.07%
49 1.08%
50 1.30%
51 1.73%
52 2.83%
1 1.96%
2 2.22%
3 1.92%
4 2.02%
5 2.31%
6 3.13%
7 1.73%
8 2.19%
9 1.82%
10 1.77%
11 1.70%
12 1.14%
13 1.19%
14 1.37%

Are you a primary healthcare practitioner (General Practitioner, Nurse Practitioner or Registered Nurse) interested in becoming a FluWatch sentinel?
Please visit our Influenza Sentinel page for more details.

Influenza Outbreak Surveillance

In week 14, 16 laboratory confirmed influenza outbreaks were reported (17 fewer outbreaks than week 13). Of the outbreaks with known strains or subtypes: one was due to influenza A(H3N2), one was due to influenza A(UnS) and four were due to influenza B. All but one influenza B outbreak occurred in LTC facilities. An additional four outbreaks due to ILI were reported in schools.

To date this season, 1,083 outbreaks have been reported and the majority (67%) have occurred in LTC facilities. A total of 44 outbreaks (4%) due to influenza B have been reported. Compared to the same period in the most recent previous A(H3N2) predominant season (2014-15), 1,646 outbreaks were reported, of which 74% occurred in LTC facilities and 76 outbreaks (5%) were due to influenza B.

Figure 5 - Overall number of new laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaksFigure 5 - Footnote 1 by report week, Canada, 2016-17, week 14
Figure 5
Figure 5 - Text Description
Figure 5 - Overall number of new laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks by report week, Canada, 2016-17
Report week Hospitals Long Term Care Facilities Other
35 0 0 0
36 0 0 0
37 0 2 0
38 1 1 1
39 1 3 1
40 0 0 0
41 0 3 0
42 0 3 1
43 0 3 0
44 2 5 2
45 1 1 0
46 2 6 0
47 1 8 0
48 0 2 0
49 1 14 3
50 4 15 4
51 5 32 13
52 7 65 18
1 15 84 22
2 13 83 24
3 19 44 9
4 8 39 8
5 13 36 11
6 4 46 20
7 8 38 8
8 5 39 17
9 4 32 9
10 3 32 9
11 7 22 12
12 2 28 6
13 1 24 8
14 0 9 7

Provincial/Territorial Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 14, 146 influenza-associated hospitalizations were reported by participating provinces and territories*, up from 142 reported in the previous week. Influenza A accounted for 57% of hospitalizations. The weekly percentage of influenza B associated hospitalizations has been steadily increasing since week 02. The largest proportion of hospitalizations were among adults aged 65+ years (66%). Seven intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and 11 deaths were reported in week 14.

To date this season, 5,766 hospitalizations have been reported, of which 94% were due to influenza A. Among cases for which the subtype of influenza A was reported, almost all (3033/3055) were influenza A(H3N2). Adults 65+ accounted for 68% of the hospitalizations. A total of 227 ICU admissions and 325 deaths have been reported. The majority of deaths was reported in adults aged 65+ years.

Table 2 - Cumulative number of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths by age and influenza type reported by participating provinces and territories, Canada 2016-17, week 14
Age Groups (years) Cumulative (August 28, 2016 to April 8, 2017)
Hospitalizations ICU Admissions Deaths
Influenza A Total Influenza B Total Total [# (%)] Influenza A and B Total % Influenza A and B Total %
0-4 434 35 469 (8%) 15 7% <5 Table 2 - Footnote x%
5-19 229 39 268 (5%) 14 6% <5 Table 2 - Footnote x%
20-44 287 16 303 (5%) 22 10% 5 2%
45-64 726 61 787 (14%) 65 29% 34 10%
65+ 3759 180 3939 (68%) 111 49% 283 87%
Total 5435 331 5766 (100%) 227 101% 325 100%

Sentinel Hospital Influenza Surveillance

Pediatric Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 14, 15 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated pediatric (≤16 years of age) hospitalizations were reported by the Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) network, which is similar to the number of cases reported in week 13. Influenza B accounted for the majority of cases (80%). The largest proportion of the hospitalizations in week 14 occurred in children 5-9 years of age (38%). The number of weekly hospitalizations reported since week 05 has been below the six year average for the same time period (Figure 7).

To date this season, 499 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated pediatric hospitalizations were reported by the IMPACT network. Children aged 0-23 months accounted for approximately 39% of hospitalizations and influenza A accounted for 87% of the reported hospitalizations. Among the 64 hospitalizations due to influenza B, 31 (48%) were in children over the age of 5 years. In comparison, children over the age of 5 years accounted for 33% of influenza A hospitalizations. Additionally, 94 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions have been reported. Children aged 5-9 years and 10-16 years each accounted for 30% of ICU cases. A total of 49 ICU cases reported at least one underlying condition or comorbidity. Less than five deaths have been reported this season.

Figure 6 - Cumulative numbers of pediatric hospitalizations (≤16 years of age) with influenza by type and age-group reported by the IMPACT network, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Figure 6
Figure 6 - Text Description
Figure 6 - Cumulative numbers of pediatric hospitalizations (≤16 years of age) with influenza by type and age-group reported by the IMPACT network, Canada, 2016-17
Age Group Total
0-5 mo 80
6-23 mo 114
2-4 yr 132
5-9 yr 86
10-16 yr 87

Figure 7 – Number of pediatric hospitalizations (≤16 years of age) with influenza reported by the IMPACT network, by week, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Figure 7

The shaded area represents the maximum and minimum number of cases reported by week from seasons 2010-11 to 2015-16.

The number of hospitalizations reported through IMPACT represents a subset of all influenza-associated pediatric and adult hospitalizations in Canada. Delays in the reporting of data may cause data to change retrospectively.

Figure 7 - Text Description
Figure 7 - Number of pediatric (≤16 years of age) hospitalizations reported by IMPACT sentinel hospital network, by week, Canada, 2016-17
Report week 2016-17 Average Min Max
35 0 0 0 0
36 1 0 0 0
37 0 1 0 2
38 0 1 0 2
39 3 0 0 1
40 2 0 0 1
41 0 1 0 2
42 4 1 0 1
43 3 1 0 3
44 6 2 1 4
45 3 3 2 4
46 5 5 1 13
47 3 5 0 9
48 7 10 1 22
49 10 15 2 28
50 19 24 4 47
51 17 35 4 71
52 38 47 7 92
1 48 37 3 75
2 27 36 6 60
3 39 37 2 67
4 34 34 5 47
5 39 39 10 57
6 33 38 15 79
7 28 41 15 118
8 33 48 25 134
9 19 59 12 172
10 17 48 17 114
11 19 45 17 118
12 13 39 14 96
13 14 33 14 57
14 15 27 12 56
15 #N/A 25 14 56
16 #N/A 22 10 41
17 #N/A 18 9 37
18 #N/A 15 6 28
19 #N/A 10 5 18
20 #N/A 9 4 18
21 #N/A 6 2 10
22 #N/A 4 1 7
23 #N/A 2 0 4
24 #N/A 2 0 5
25 #N/A 1 0 3
26 #N/A 1 0 2
27 #N/A 0 0 2
28 #N/A 1 0 1
29 #N/A 0 0 2
30 #N/A 0 0 0
31 #N/A 0 0 0
32 #N/A 0 0 1
33 #N/A 0 0 0
34 #N/A 1 0 2

Adult Influenza Hospitalizations and Deaths

In week 14, 26 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated adult (≥20 years of age) hospitalizations were reported by the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN). The proportion of influenza B hospitalizations increased in week 14 and accounted for 42% of all weekly hospitalizations. The majority of cases (73%) occurred in adults aged 65+.

To date this season, 1,370 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated adult (≥20 years of age) hospitalizations have been reported by CIRN. Influenza A accounted for 95% of hospitalizations. Adults aged 65+ accounted for 79% of hospitalizations. To date, 93 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions have been reported. A total of 69 ICU cases reported at least one underlying condition or comorbidity. The median age of patients admitted to the ICU was 69 years. Approximately 62 deaths have been reported this season, the majority in adults aged 65+. The median age of reported deaths was 85 years.

Figure 8 - Cumulative numbers of adult hospitalizations (≥20 years of age) with influenza by type and age-group reported by CIRN, Canada, 2016-17, week 14

Figure 8
Figure 8 - Text Description
Figure 8 - Cumulative numbers of adult hospitalizations (≥20 years of age) with influenza by type and age-group reported by the CIRN network, Canada, 2016-17
Age Group Total
20-44 yr 84
45-64 yr 208
65+ yr 1078

Figure 9 – Percentage of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths with influenza by age-group (≥20 years of age) reported by CIRN, Canada 2016-17, week 14

Figure 9

The number of hospitalizations reported through CIRN represents a subset of all influenza-associated adult hospitalizations in Canada. Delays in the reporting of data may cause data to change retrospectively.

Figure 9 - Text Description
Figure 9 - Percentage of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and deaths with influenza reported by age-group (≥20 year of age), CIRN, Canada, 2016-17
Age-group (years) Hospitalizations (n = 1370) ICU admissions (n = 93) Deaths (n= >62)
20-44 6.1% 6.5% -
45-64 15.2% 21.5% 5.0%
65+ 78.7% 72.0% 95.4%
- Supressed due to small values

Influenza Strain Characterizations

During the 2016-17 influenza season, the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) has characterized 1,644 influenza viruses [1419 A(H3N2), 36 A(H1N1), 189 influenza B]. All but one influenza A virus (n=1418) and 46 influenza B viruses characterized were antigenically or genetically similar to the vaccine strains included in both the trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines. One hundred and forty-three influenza B viruses were similar to the strain which is only included in the quadrivalent vaccine.

Table 3 – Influenza strain characterizations, Canada, 2016-17, week 14
Strain Characterization ResultsTable 3 - Footnote 1 Count Description
Influenza A (H3N2)
Antigenically
A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like		 346 Viruses antigenically similar to A/Hong Kong/4801/2014, the A(H3N2) component of the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere's trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine.
GeneticallyTable 3 - Footnote 2
A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like		 1072

Viruses belonging to genetic group 3C.2a. A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like virus belongs to genetic group 3C.2a and is the influenza A(H3N2) component of the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere's trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine.

Additionally, genetic characterization of the 346 influenza A (H3N2) viruses that underwent HI testing determined that 285 viruses belonged to genetic group 3C.2a and 61 viruses belonged to genetic group 3C.3a. The majority of viruses belonging to genetic group 3C.3a are inhibited by antisera raised against A/Hong Kong/4801/20143Table 3 - Footnote 3.
Antigenically
A/Indiana/10/2011-likeTable 3 - Footnote 4		 1

Viruses antigenically similar to A/Indiana/10/2011, a candidate H3N2v vaccine virus.
Influenza A (H1N1)
A/California/7/2009-like 36 Viruses antigenically similar to A/California/7/2009, the A(H1N1) component of the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere's trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine influenza vaccine.
Influenza B
B/Brisbane/60/2008-like
(Victoria lineage)		 46 Viruses antigenically similar to B/Brisbane/60/2008, the influenza B component of the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere's trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccine
B/Phuket/3073/2013-like
(Yamagata lineage)		 143 Viruses antigenically similar to B/Phuket/3073/2013, the additional influenza B component of the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere quadrivalent influenza vaccine.

Antiviral Resistance

During the 2016-17 season, the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) has tested 886 influenza viruses for resistance to oseltamivir, 884 influenza viruses for resistance to zanamivir and 208 influenza viruses for resistance to amantadine. All but two influenza A(H3N2) viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir and all viruses were sensitive to zanamivir. All 187 influenza A viruses were resistant to amantadine (Table 4).

Table 4 - Antiviral resistance by influenza virus type and subtype, Canada, 2016-17, week 14
Virus type and subtype Oseltamivir Zanamivir Amantadine
# tested # resistant (%) # tested # resistant (%) # tested # resistant (%)
A (H3N2) 699 2 (0.3%) 697 0 (0%) 178 178 (100%)
A (H3N2v) 1 0 (0%) 1 0 (0%) 1 1 (100%)
A (H1N1) 34 0 (0%) 33 0 (0%) 29 29 (100%)
B 152 0 (0%) 153 0 (0%) N/ATable 4 - Footnote * N/ATable 4 - Footnote *
TOTAL 886 2 (0.2%) 884 0 (0%) 208 208 (100%)

Provincial and International Influenza Reports

 

 

 

FluWatch definitions for the 2016-2017 season

Abbreviations: Newfoundland/Labrador (NL), Prince Edward Island (PE), New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), Quebec (QC), Ontario (ON), Manitoba (MB), Saskatchewan (SK), Alberta (AB), British Columbia (BC), Yukon (YT), Northwest Territories (NT), Nunavut (NU).

Influenza-like-illness (ILI): Acute onset of respiratory illness with fever and cough and with one or more of the following - sore throat, arthralgia, myalgia, or prostration which is likely due to influenza. In children under 5, gastrointestinal symptoms may also be present. In patients under 5 or 65 and older, fever may not be prominent.

ILI/Influenza outbreaks

Schools:
Greater than 10% absenteeism (or absenteeism that is higher (e.g. >5-10%) than expected level as determined by school or public health authority) which is likely due to ILI.
Note: it is recommended that ILI school outbreaks be laboratory confirmed at the beginning of influenza season as it may be the first indication of community transmission in an area.
Hospitals and residential institutions:
two or more cases of ILI within a seven-day period, including at least one laboratory confirmed case. Institutional outbreaks should be reported within 24 hours of identification. Residential institutions include but not limited to long-term care facilities (LTCF) and prisons.
Workplace:
Greater than 10% absenteeism on any day which is most likely due to ILI.
Other settings:
two or more cases of ILI within a seven-day period, including at least one laboratory confirmed case; i.e. closed communities.

Note that reporting of outbreaks of influenza/ILI from different types of facilities differs between jurisdictions.

Influenza/ILI activity level

1 = No activity: no laboratory-confirmed influenza detections in the reporting week, however, sporadically occurring ILI may be reported

2 = Sporadic: sporadically occurring ILI and lab confirmed influenza detection(s) with no outbreaks detected within the influenza surveillance region Footnote †

3 = Localized:

  1. evidence of increased ILIFootnote * and
  2. lab confirmed influenza detection(s) together with
  3. outbreaks in schools, hospitals, residential institutions and/or other types of facilities occurring in less than 50% of the influenza surveillance regionFootnote †

4 = Widespread:

  1. evidence of increased ILIFootnote * and
  2. lab confirmed influenza detection(s) together with
  3. outbreaks in schools, hospitals, residential institutions and/or other types of facilities occurring in greater than or equal to 50% of the influenza surveillance regionFootnote †

Note: ILI data may be reported through sentinel physicians, emergency room visits or health line telephone calls.

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