Page 13: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Toluene, Ethylbenzene and the Xylenes

• Previous Page
• Table of Contents
• Next Page

References

Abbate, C., Giorgianni, C., Munao, F. and Brecciaroli, R. (1993). Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to toluene: an electrophysiologic study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64: 389–392.

Adams, J.C., Dills, R.L., Morgan, M.S., Kalman, D.A. and Pierce, C.H. (2005). A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of inhalation exposure to xylenes in Caucasian men. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 43(2): 203–214.

Adams, J.Q. and Clark, R.M. (1991). Evaluating the costs of packed-tower aeration and GAC for controlling selected organics. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(1): 49–57.

Aikawa, H., Yoshida, T. and Shigeta, S. (1997). Changes in the amounts of neurotransmitters released from the striatum and spontaneous motor activity in rats exposed to high doses of toluene. Environ. Health Prev. Med., 1: 171–177.

Aitio, A., Pekari, K. and Jarvisalo, J. (1984). Skin absorption as a source of error in biological monitoring. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 10: 317–320.

Alberta Environment (2004). Assessment report on ethylbenzene for developing ambient air quality objectives. Prepared by Cantox Environmental Inc. in conjunction with RDWI West Inc. Science and Standards Branch, Alberta Environment, Edmonton, Alberta. Available at: http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/6662.pdf

Alexander, H.C., McCarty, W.M., Bartlett, E.A. and Syverud, A.N. (1982). Aqueous odor and taste threshold values for industrial chemicals. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74: 595–599.

Ameno, K., Fuke, C., Ameno, S., Kiriu, T., Sogo, K. and Ijiri, I. (1989). A fatal case of oral ingestion of toluene. Forensic Sci. Int., 41: 255–260.

Ameno, K., Kiriu, T., Fuke, C., Ameno, S., Shinohara, T. and Ijiri, I. (1992). Regional brain distribution of toluene in rats and in a human autopsy. Arch. Toxicol., 66: 153–156.

Andersen, I., Lundqvist, G.R. and Molhave, L. (1983). Human response to controlled levels of toluene in six-hour exposures. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 9: 405–418.

Anderson, B.E., Zeiger, E., Shelby, M.D., Resnick, M.A., Gulati, D.K., Ivett, J.L. and Loveday, K.S. (1990). Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange test results with 42 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 16: 55–137.

Andersson, K., Fuxe, K. and Nilsen, O.G. (1981). Production of discrete changes in dopamine and noradrenaline levels and turnover in various parts of the rat brain following exposure to xylene, ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene, and ethylbenzene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 60: 535–548.

Angerer, J. (1979). Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents. VII. Metabolism of toluene in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 43: 63–67.

Angerer, J., Schildbach, M. and Kramer, A. (1998). S-p-Toluylmercapturic acid in the urine of workers exposed to toluene: a new biomarker for toluene exposure. Arch. Toxicol., 72: 119–123.

Anttila, A., Pukkala, E., Riala, R., Sallmén, M. and Hemminki, K. (1998). Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 71: 187–193.

APHA, AWWA and WEF (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.

API (1985). Two-generation reproduction/fertility study on a petroleum-derived hydrocarbon (toluene). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

Arnold, G.L., Kirby, R.S., Langendoerfer, S. and Wilkins-Haug, L. (1994). Toluene embryopathy: clinical delineation and developmental follow-up. Pediatrics, 93: 216–220.

Arp, E.W., Jr., Wolf, P.H. and Checkoway, H. (1983). Lymphocytic leukemia and exposures to benzene and other solvents in the rubber industry. J. Occup. Med., 25: 598–602.

Arthurs, P., Stiver, W.H. and Zytner, R.G. (1995). Passive volatilization of gasoline from soil. J. Soil Contam., 4: 123–135.

ASTER (1995). Assessment Tools for the Evaluation of Risk database. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available at: www.epa.gov/med/Prods_Pubs/aster.htm

Astrand, I., Engström, J. and Ovrum, P. (1978). Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene: I. Uptake, distribution and elimination in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 4: 185–194.

ATSDR (1995). Toxicological profile for xylene (update). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR (2000). Toxicological profile for toluene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=161&tid=29

ATSDR (2004). Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) final interaction profile. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR (2007). Toxicological profile for xylene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=296&tid=53

ATSDR (2010). Toxicological profile for ethylbenzene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, G Georgia. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=383&tid=66

AWWA (1991). Organics Contaminant Control Committee report: existing VOC treatment installations; design, operation and cost. Water Quality Division, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado (Report No. 0033986).

Baelum, J., Anderson, I. and Lundqvist, G.R. (1985). Response of solvent-exposed printers and unexposed controls to six-hour toluene exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 11: 271–280.

Baelum, J., Dossing, M., Hansen, S.H., Lundgvist, G.R. and Andersen, N.T. (1987). Toluene metabolism during exposure to varying concentrations combined with exercise. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 59: 281–294.

Baelum, J., Molhave, L., Hansen, S.H. and Dossing, M. (1993). Hepatic metabolism of toluene after gastrointestinal uptake in humans. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 19: 55–62.

Bakke, O.M. and Scheline, R.R. (1970). Hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 16: 691–700.

Bardodej, Z. and Bardodejova, E. (1970). Biotransformation of ethyl benzene, styrene, and a-methylstyrene in man. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31: 206–209.

Bardodej, Z. and Cirek, A. (1988). Long-term study on workers occupationally exposed to ethylbenzene. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 32: 1–5.

Barker, J.F., Tessmann, J.S., Plotz, P.E. and Reinhard, M. (1986). Organic geochemistry of a sanitary landfill leachate plume. J. Contam. Hydrol., 1: 171–189.

Beasley, T.E., Evansky, P.A., Gilbert, M.E. and Bushnell, P.J. (2010). Behavioral effects of subchronic inhalation of toluene in adult rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 32: 611–619.

Beasley, T.E., Evansky, P.A. and Bushnell, P.J. (2012). Behavioral effects of sub-acute inhalation of toluene in adult rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 34: 83–89.

Benignus, V.A., Muller, K.E., Graham, J.A. and Barton, C.N. (1984). Toluene levels in blood and brain of rats as a function of toluene level in inspired air. Environ. Res., 33: 39–46.

Benoit, F.M., Davidson, W.R. and Lovett, A.M. (1985). Breath analysis by API/MS—human exposure to volatile organic solvents. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 55: 113–120.

Berenguer, P., Soulage, C., Perrin, D., Pequignot, J.M. and Abraini, J.H. (2003). Behavioral and neurochemical effects induced by subchronic exposure to 40 ppm toluene in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 74: 997–1003.

Bergendahl, J., Hubbard S. and Grasso, D. (2003). Pilot scale Fenton's oxidation of organic contamination in groundwater using autochthonous iron. J. Hazard. Mater., B99: 43–56.

Bergman, K. (1983). Application and results of whole-body autoradiography in distribution studies of organic solvents. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 12(1), 59–118.

Bikashvili, T.Z., Chilachava, L.R., Gelazonia, L.K., Japaridze, N.J., Zhvania, M.G., Lordkipanidze, T.G. and Okuneva, V.G. (2012). Effect of chronic inhalation of toluene on behavior of rats of various age groups in multi-branched maze. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 152: 587–589.

Billionnet, C., Gay, E., Kirchner, S., Leynaert, B. and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2011). Quantitative assessments of indoor air pollution and respiratory health in a population-based sample of French dwellings. Environ. Res., 111: 425–434.

Bjornaes, S. and Naalsund, L.U. (1988). Biochemical changes in different brain areas after toluene inhalation. Toxicology, 49: 367–374.

Blair, A., Hartge, P., Stewart, P.A., McAdams, M. and Lubin, J. (1998). Mortality and cancer incidence of aircraft maintenance workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other organic solvents and chemicals: extended follow up. Occup. Environ. Med., 55: 161–171.

Boey, K.W., Foo, S.C. and Jeyaratnam, J. (1997). Effects of occupational exposure to toluene: a neuropsychological study on workers in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 26: 184–187.

Borne, J., Riascos, R., Cuellar, H., Vargas, D. and Rojas, R. (2005). Neuroimaging in drug and substance abuse. Part II: Opioids and solvents. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 16: 239–245.

Borriston Laboratories Inc. (1983). Four-week oral nephrotoxicity screening in male F-344 rats phases I and II pathology report. FYI submission AX-1283-0280. Submitted by the American Petroleum Institute to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Bos, R.P., Brouns, R.M.E. and Van Doorn, R. (1981). Non-mutagenicity of toluene, o-, m- and p-xylene, o-methylbenzylalcohol and o-methylbenzylsulfate in the Ames assay. Mutat. Res., 88: 273–279.

Bray, H.G., Humphris, B.G. and Thorpe, W.V. (1949). Metabolism of derivatives of toluene. 3. o-, m- and p-xylenes. Biochem. J., 45: 241–244.

Brown, H.S., Bishop, D.R. and Rowan, C.A. (1984). The role of skin absorption as a route of exposure for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water. Am. J. Public Health, 74(5): 479–484.

Brugnone, F., Gobbi, M., Ayyad, K., Giuliari, C., Cerpelloni, M. and Perbellini, L. (1995). Blood toluene as a biological index of environmental toluene exposure in the "normal" population and in occupationally exposed workers immediately after exposure and 16 hours later. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 66: 421–425.

Budavari, S., O'Neil, M.J., Smith, A., Heckelman, P.E. and Kinneary, J.F. (eds.) (1996). The Merck index. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey.

Burmistrov, S.O., Arutyunyan, A.V., Stepanov, M.G., Oparina, T.I. and Prokopenko, V.M. (2001). Effect of chronic inhalation of toluene and dioxane on activity of free radical processes in rat ovaries and brain. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 132: 832–836.

Bushnell, P.J., Oshiro, W.M., Samsam, T.E. and Klinger, R. (2007). The role of physical activity and feeding schedule on the kinetics of inhaled and oral toluene in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 70(21): 1806–1814.

Camford Information Services Inc. (1996). Xylenes (xylols, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene, mixed xylenes). Don Mills, Ontario.

Camford Information Services Inc. (2003). Toluene (toluol, methylbenzene, phenylmethane). Don Mills, Ontario.

Camford Information Services Inc. (2004). Ethylbenzene (phenylethane). Don Mills, Ontario.

Campo, P., Lataye, R., Cossec, B. and Placidi, V. (1997). Toluene-induced hearing loss: a mid-frequency location of the cochlear lesions. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 19: 129–140.

Campo, P., Lataye, R., Cossec, B., Villette, V., Roure, M. and Barthelemy, C. (1998). Combined effects of simultaneous exposure to toluene and ethanol on auditory function in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 20(3): 321–332.

Cannella, W.J. (2007). Xylenes and ethylbenzene. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 5th edition.

Cappaert, N.L.M., Klis, S.F.L., Muijser, H., De Groot, J.C.M.J., Kulig, B.M. and Smoorenburg, G.F. (1999). The ototoxic effects of ethyl benzene in rats. Hear. Res., 137: 91–102.

Cappaert, N.L.M., Klis, S.F.L., Baretta, A.B., Muijser, H. and Smoorenburg, G.F. (2000). Ethyl benzene–induced ototoxicity in rats: a dose-dependent mid-frequency hearing loss. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 1: 292–299.

Caravati, E.M. and Bjerk, P.J. (1997). Acute toluene ingestion toxicity. Ann. Emerg. Med., 30: 838–839.

Carlsson, A. (1981). Distribution and elimination of ¹⁴C-xylene in rat. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 7: 51–55.

Carlsson, A. (1982). Exposure to toluene. Uptake, distribution and elimination in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 8: 43–55.

Carpenter, A.V., Flanders, W.D., Frome, E.L., Tankersley, W.G. and Fry, S.A. (1988). Chemical exposures and central nervous system cancers: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Am. J. Ind. Med., 13: 351–362.

Cavalleri, A., Gobba, F., Nicali, E. and Fiocchi, V. (2000). Dose-related color vision impairment in toluene-exposed workers. Arch. Environ. Health, 55: 399–404.

Chan, P.C., Hasemani, J.K., Mahleri, J. and Aranyi, C. (1998). Tumor induction in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene. Toxicol. Lett., 99: 23–32.

Chang, F.K., Mao, I.F., Chen, M.L. and Cheng, S.F. (2011). Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to ethylbenzene. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 55: 519–525.

Chen, C.S., Hseu, Y.C., Liang, S.H., Kuo, J.Y. and Chen, S.C. (2008). Assessment of genotoxicity of methyl-tert-butyl ether, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene to human lymphocytes using comet assay. J. Hazard. Mater., 153: 351–356.

Chin, B.H., McKelvey, J.A., Tyler, T.R., Calisti, L.J., Kozbelt, S.J. and Sullivan, L.J. (1980). Absorption, distribution, and excretion of ethylbenzene, ethylcyclohexane, and methylethylbenzene isomers in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24: 477–483.

Chouaniere, D., Wild, P., Fontana, J.M., Hery, M., Fournier, M., Baudin, V., Subra, I., Rousselle, D., Toamain, J.P., Saurin, S. and Ardiot, M.R. (2002). Neurobehavioral disturbances arising from occupational toluene exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med., 41(2): 77–88.

Chowdhury, Z., Summers, S., Westerhoff, G., Leto, B., Nowack, K. and Corwin, C. (2013). Activated carbon. Solution for improving water quality. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.

Climie, I.J.G., Hutson, D.H. and Stoydin, G. (1983). The metabolism of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide in the rat. Xenobiotica, 13: 611–618.

Condie, L.W., Hill, J.R. and Borzelleca, J.F. (1988). Oral toxicology studies with xylene isomers and mixed xylenes. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 11: 329–354.

Connor, T.H., Theiss, J.C. and Hanna, H.A. (1985). Genotoxicity of organic chemicals frequently found in the air of mobile homes. Toxicol. Lett., 25: 33–40.

Costantini, A.S., Benvenuti, A., Vineis, P., Kriebel, D., Tumino, R., Ramazzotti, V., Rodella, S., Stagnaro, E., Crosignani, P., Amadori, D., Mirabelli, D., Sommani, L., Belletti, I., Troschel, L., Romeo, L., Miceli, G., Tozzi, G.A., Mendico, I., Maltoni, S.A. and Miligi, L. (2008). Risk of leukemia and multiple myeloma associated with exposure to benzene and other organic solvents: evidence from the Italian multicenter case-control study. Am. J. Ind. Med., 51: 803–811.

Crittenden, J.C., Cortright, R.D., Rick, B., Tang, S. and Perram, D. (1988). Using GAC to remove VOCs from air-stripper off-gas. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(5): 73–84.

Crittenden, J.C., Suri, R.P.S., Perram, D.L. and Hand, D.W. (1997). Decontamination of water using adsorption and photocatalysis. Water Res., 31(3): 411–418.

Crittenden, J.C., Trussell, R.R., Hand, D.W., Howe, K.J. and Tchobanoglous, G. (2005). Water treatment: principles and design, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Cummins, M.D. and Westrick, J.J. (1990). Treatment technologies and costs for removing volatile organic compounds from water: aeration. In: Significance and treatment of volatile organic compounds in water supplies. Ram, N.M., Christman, R.F. and Cantor, K.P. (eds.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.

Dann, T., Wang, D. and Etlinger, A. (1989). Volatile organic compounds in Canadian ambient air: a new emphasis. Pollution Measurement Division, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada (PMD 89-26).

David, A., Flek, J., Frantik, E., Gut, I. and Sedivec, V. (1979). Influence of phenobarbital on xylene metabolism in man and rats. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 44: 117–125.

Dean, B.J., Brooks, T.M., Hodson-Walker, G. and Hutson, D.H. (1985). Genetic toxicology testing of 41 industrial chemicals. Mutat. Res., 153: 57–77.

DeJongh, J. and Blaauboer, B.J. (1996). Simulation of toluene kinetics in the rat by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with application of biotransformation parameters derived independently in vitro and in vivo. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 32(2): 260–268.

DeMarini, D.M., Lawrence, B.K., Brooks, H.G. and Houk, V.S. (1991). Compatibility of organic solvents with the Microscreen prophage-induction assay: solvent–mutagen interactions. Mutat. Res., 263: 107–113.

Dennison, J.E., Andersen, M.E. and Yang, R.S.H. (2003). Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of gasoline using PBPK modeling with a complex mixtures chemical lumping approach. Inhal. Toxicol., 15: 961–986.

Dodson, R.E., Levy, J.I., Spengler, J.D., Shine, J.P. and Bennett, D.H. (2008). Influence of basements, garages, and common hallways on indoor residential volatile organic compound concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 42: 1569–1581.

Dossing, M., Aelum, J.B., Hansen, S.H., Lundqvist, G.R. and Andersen, N.T. (1983). Urinary hippuric acid and orthocresol excretion in man during experimental exposure to toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 40: 470–473.

Dossing, M., Baelum, J., Hansen, S.H. and Lundqvist, G.R. (1984). Effect of ethanol, cimetidine and propranolol on toluene metabolism in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 54: 309–315.

Dumas, S., Parent, M.E., Siemiatycki, J. and Brisson, J. (2000). Rectal cancer and occupational risk factors: a hypothesis-generating, exposure-based case-control study. Int. J. Cancer, 87: 874–879.

Dutkiewicz, T. and Tyras, H. (1967). A study of the skin absorption of ethylbenzene in man. Br. J. Ind. Med., 24: 330–332.

Dutkiewicz, T. and Tyras, H. (1968). Skin absorption of toluene, styrene and xylene by man. Br. J. Ind. Med., 25: 243.

Dyksen, J.E. (2005). Aeration and air stripping. In: Water treatment plant design, 4th edition. Baruth, E. (ed.). American Society of Civil Engineers and American Water Works Association (McGraw-Hill).

Dyksen, J.E. (2005). Chapter 5. Aeration and air stripping. In: Water treatment plant design, 4th edition. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp 5.1-5.23.

Earl, N., Cartwright, C.D., Horrocks, S.J., Worboys, M., Swift, S., Kirton, J.A., Askan, A.U., Kelleher, H. and Nancarrow, D.J. (2003). Review of the fate and transport of selected contaminants in the soil environment. Environment Agency, Bristol, United Kingdom (Draft Technical Report P5-079/TR1). Available at: http://a0768b4a8a31e106d8b0-50dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/scho0904biee-e-e.pdf

Echeverria, D., Fine, L., Langolf, G., Schork, A. and Sampaio, C. (1989). Acute neurobehavioural effects of toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 46: 483–495.

Edelfors, S., Hass, U. and Hougaard, K.S. (2002). Changes in markers of oxidative stress and membrane properties in synaptosomes from rats exposed prenatally to toluene. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 90: 26–31.

Eller, N., Netterstrøm, B. and Laursen, P. (1999). Risk of chronic effects on the central nervous system at low toluene exposure. Occup. Med., 49: 389–395.

El Masry, A.M., Smith, J.N. and Williams, R.T. (1956). The metabolism of alkylbenzenes: n-propylbenzene and n-butylbenzene with further observations on ethylbenzene. Biochem. J., 64: 50–56.

El-Nabi Kamel, M.A. and Shehata, M. (2008). Effect of toluene exposure on the antioxidant status and apoptotic pathway in organs of the rat. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 65: 75–79.

Elovaara, E., Engström, K. and Vainio, H. (1982). Unaltered metabolism of m-xylene in the presence of ethylbenzene. In: Cytochrome P-450, biochemistry, biophysics and environmental implications. Hietanen, E., Laitinen, M. and Hanninen, O. (eds.). Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 765–768.

Elovaara, E., Engström, K., Häyri, L., Hase, T. and Aitio, A. (1989). Metabolism of antipyrine and m-xylene in rats after prolonged pretreatment with xylene alone or xylene with ethanol, phenobarbital, or 3-methylcholanthrene. Xenobiotica, 19(9): 945–960.

Endoh, K., Kaneko, T. and Sato, A. (1989). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to describe the transfer of organic solvents in the human body. Simulation of kinetic behavior of trichloroethylene using a spreadsheet program. Jpn. J. Ind. Health, 31: 335–341.

Engström, J. and Bjurström, R. (1978). Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. II. Concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 4: 195–203.

Engström, K., Husman, K. and Riihimäki, V. (1977). Percutaneous absorption of m-xylene in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 39: 181–189.

Engström, K., Riihimäki, V. and Laine, A. (1984). Urinary disposition of ethylbenzene and m-xylene in man following separate and combined exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 54: 355–363.

Engström, K., Elovaara, E. and Aitio, A. (1985). Metabolism of ethylbenzene in the rat during long-term intermittent inhalation exposure. Xenobiotica, 15: 281–286.

Faber, W.D., Roberts, L.S.G., Stump, D.G., Tardif, R., Krishnan, K., Tort, M., Dimond, S., Dutton, D., Moran, E. and Lawrence, W. (2006). Two generation reproduction study of ethylbenzene by inhalation in Crl-CD rats. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 77: 10–21.

Faber, W.D., Roberts, L.S.G., Stump, D.G., Beck, M., Kirkpatrick, D., Regan, K.S., Tort, M., Moran, E. and Banton, M. (2007). Inhalation developmental neurotoxicity study of ethylbenzene in Crl-CD rats. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 80: 34–48.

Farhadian, M., Duchez, D., Vachelard, C. and Larroche, C. (2008). Monoaromatics removal from polluted water through bioreactors—A review. Water Res., 42: 1325–1341.

Fellin, P. and Otson, R. (1994). Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentration levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Canadian homes. Atmos. Environ., 28: 3581–3586.

Fisher, J., Mahle, D., Bankston, L., Green, R. and Gearhart, J. (1997). Lactational transfer of volatile chemicals in breast milk. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 58(6): 425–431.

Florin, I., Rutberg, L., Curvall, M. and Enzell, C.R. (1980). Screening of tobacco smoke constituents for mutagenicity using the Ames' test. Toxicology, 15: 219–232.

Foo, S.C., Jeyaratnam, J. and Koh, D. (1990). Chronic neurobehavioural effects of toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 47: 480–484.

Forkman, B.A., Ljungberg, T., Johnson, A.C., Nylén, P., Ståhle, L., Höglund, G. and Ungerstedt, U. (1991). Long-term effects of toluene inhalation on rat behavior. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 13: 475–481.

Freundt, K.J., Römer, K.G. and Federsel, R.J. (1989). Decrease of inhaled toluene, ethyl benzene, m-xylene, or mesitylene in rat blood after combined exposure to ethyl acetate. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 42(4): 495–498.

Fronk, C.A. (1987). Destruction of volatile organic contaminants in drinking water by ozone treatment. Ozone Sci. Eng., 9: 265–288.

Gagnaire, F. and Langlais, C. (2005). Relative ototoxicity of 21 aromatic solvents. Arch. Toxicol., 79: 346–354.

Gagnaire, F., Marignac, B., Langlais, C. and Bonnet, P. (2001). Ototoxicity in rats exposed to ortho-, meta- and para-xylene vapours for 13 weeks. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 89: 6–14.

Gagnaire, F., Langlais, C., Grossmann, S. and Wild, P. (2007). Ototoxicity in rats exposed to ethylbenzene and to two technical xylene vapours for 13 weeks. Arch. Toxicol., 81: 127–143.

Garoma, T., Gurol, M., Osibodu, O. and Thotakura, L. (2008). Treatment of groundwater contaminated with single components by an ozone/UV process. Chemosphere, 73: 825–831.

Gérin, M., Siemiatycki, J., Désy, M. and Krewski, D. (1998). Associations between several sites of cancer and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene: results of a case-control study in Montreal. Am. J. Ind. Med., 34: 144–156.

Gerner-Smidt, P. and Friedrich, U. (1978). The mutagenic effect of benzene, toluene and xylene studied by the SCE technique. Mutat. Res., 58: 313–316.

Ghantous, H. and Danielsson, B.R.G. (1986). Placental transfer and distribution of toluene, xylene and benzene and their metabolites during gestation in mice. Biol. Res. Pregnancy Perinatol., 7: 98–105.

Gibson, D.P., Brauninger, R., Shaffi, H.S., Kerckaert, G.A., LeBoeuf, R.A., Isfort, R.J. and Aardema, M.J. (1997). Induction of micronuclei in Syrian hamster embryo cells: comparison to results in the SHE cell transformation assay for National Toxicology Program test chemicals. Mutat. Res., 392: 61–70.

Giffin, S. and Davis, A. (1998). Prediction of carbon BTEX adsorption capacity using field monitoring. J. Environ. Eng., 124(10): 921–931.

Glaze, W.H. and Kang, J.-W. (1988). Advanced oxidation processes for treating groundwater contaminated with TCE and PCE: laboratory studies. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(5): 57–63.

Goldberg, M.S., Parent, M.E., Siemiatycki, J., Desy, M., Nadon, L., Richardson, L., Lakhani, R., Latreille, B. and Valois, M.F. (2001). A case-control study of the relationship between the risk of colon cancer in men and exposures to occupational agents. Am. J. Ind. Med., 39: 531–546.

Gospe, S.M., Jr. and Zhou, S.S. (2000). Prenatal exposure to toluene results in abnormal neurogenesis and migration in rat somatosensory cortex. Pediatr. Res., 47: 362–368.

Gospe, S.M., Jr., Saeed, D.B., Zhou, S.S. and Zeman, F.J. (1994). The effects of high-dose toluene on embryonic development in the rat. Pediatr. Res., 36: 811–815.

Gospe, S.M., Jr., Zhou, S.S., Saeed, D.B. and Zeman, F.J. (1996). Development of a rat model of toluene-abuse embryopathy. Pediatr. Res., 40: 82–87.

Graham, L.A., Noseworthy, L., Fugler, D., O'Leary, K., Karman, D. and Grande, C. (2004). Contribution of vehicle emissions from an attached garage to residential indoor air pollution levels. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 54: 563–584.

Gralewicz, S. and Wiaderna, D. (2001). Behavioral effects following subacute inhalation exposure to m-xylene or trimethylbenzene in the rat—a comparative study. Neurotoxicology, 22: 79–89.

Gralewicz, S., Wiaderna, D. and Tomas, T. (1995). Development of spontaneous, age-related nonconvulsive seizure electrocortical activity and radial-maze learning after exposure to m-xylene in rats. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 8: 347–360.

Gromiec, J.P. and Piotrowski, J.K. (1984). Urinary mandelic-acid as an exposure test for ethylbenzene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 55(1): 61–72.

Guerin, F.T. (2002). A pilot study for the selection of a bioreactor for the remediation of groundwater from a coal tar contamination site. J. Hazard. Mater., B89: 241–252.

Guthrie, J., Fowler, P., and Sabourin, R. (2003). Gasoline and diesel fuel survey, D1 and oxygenates in gasoline, cetane index, cetane number, aromatics and PAHs in diesel. Technical Report, Oil, Gas and Energy Branch, Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec.

Guzelian, P., Mills, S. and Fallon, H.J. (1988). Liver structure and function in print workers exposed to toluene. J. Occup. Med., 30: 791–796.

Haddad, S., Tardif, R., Charest-Tardif, G. and Krishnan, K. (1999). Physiological modeling of the toxicokinetic interactions in a quaternary mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 161(3): 249–257.

Haddad, S., Charest-Tardif, G., Tardif, R. and Krishnan, K. (2000). Validation of a physiological modeling framework for simulating the toxicokinetics of chemicals in mixtures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 167(3): 199–209.

Haddad, S., Béliveau, M., Tardif, R. and Krishnan, K. (2001). A PBPK modeling-based approach to account for interactions in the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Toxicol. Sci., 63: 125–131.

Hancock, E.G. (1982). Toluene, the xylenes and their industrial derivatives. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, New York.

Hand, D.W., Crittenden, J.C., Gehin, J.L. and Lykins, B.W., Jr. (1986). Design and evaluation of an air-stripping tower for removing VOCs from groundwater. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(9): 87–97.

Harabuchi, I., Kishi, R., Ikeda, T., Kiyosawa, H. and Miyake, H. (1993). Circadian variations of acute toxicity and blood and brain concentrations of inhaled toluene in rats. Br. J. Ind. Med., 50: 280–286.

Hard, G.C., Betz, L.J. and Seely, J.C. (2012). Association of advanced chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) with renal tubule tumors and precursor hyperplasia in control F344 rats from two-year carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol. Pathol., 40(3): 473–481.

Hardin, B.D., Bond, G.P. and Sikov, M.R. (1981). Testing of selected workplace chemicals for teratogenic potential. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 7: 66–75.

Hass, U. and Jakobsen, B.M. (1993). Prenatal toxicity of xylene inhalation in the rat: a teratogenicity and postnatal study. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 73: 20–23.

Hass, U., Lund, S. and Simonsen, L. (1997). Long-lasting neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to xylene in rats. Neurotoxicology, 18: 547–552.

Haworth, S., Lawlor, T. and Mortelmans, K. (1983). Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environ. Mutagen., 5: 3–142.

Health and Welfare Canada (1993). Chapter 4. In: Water treatment principles and applications. A manual for the production of drinking water. Canadian Water Works Association, Ottawa, Ontario.

Health Canada (2010a). Windsor Exposure Assessment Study (2005–2006): data summary for volatile organic compound sampling. Water, Air and Climate Change Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch.

Health Canada (2010b). Regina Indoor Air Quality Study 2007: VOC sampling data summary. Water, Air and Climate Change Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch.

Héroux, M.-E., Gauvin, D., Gilbert, N.L., Guay, M., Dupuis, G., Legris, M. and Lévesque, B. (2008). Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Quebec City, Canada. Indoor Built Environ., 17: 128–137.

Hess, A.F., Busch, P.L., Barnes, M.J. and Dyksen, J.E. (1981). GAC treatment designs and cost for controlling volatile organic compounds in ground water. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Paramus, New Jersey. Paper presented at the National American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 30–April 3, 1981.

Hester, S.D., Johnstone, A.F.M., Boyes, W.K., Bushnell, P.J. and Shafer, T.J. (2011). Acute toluene exposure alters expression of genes in the central nervous system associated with synaptic structure and function. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 33: 521–529.

Hillefors-Berglund, M., Liu, Y. and Von Euler, G. (1995). Persistent, specific and dose-dependent effects of toluene exposure on dopamine D2 agonist binding in the rat caudate-putamen. Toxicology, 100: 185–194.

Hobara, T., Kobayashi, H. and Higashihara, E. (1984). Experimental study on the pulmonary absorption and excretion of toluene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 53: 337–344.

Honma, T., Sudo, A., Miyagawa, M., Sato, M. and Hasegawa, H. (1983). Significant changes in the amounts of neurotransmitter and related substances in rat brain induced by subacute exposure to low levels of toluene and xylene. Ind. Health, 21: 143–151.

HSDB (1986). Ethylbenzene. Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.

HSDB (1999). Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.

HSDB (2010). 3-Xylene. Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.

Hsieh, G.C., Sharma, R.P. and Parker, R.D.R. (1989). Immunotoxicological evaluation of toluene exposure via drinking water in mice. Environ. Res., 49: 93–103.

Hsieh, G.C., Sharma, R.P., Parker, R.D.R. and Coulombe, R.A., Jr. (1990). Evaluation of toluene exposure via drinking water on levels of regional brain biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in CD-1 mice. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 20: 175–184.

Hsieh, G.C., Sharma, R.P. and Parker, R.D.R. (1991). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis activity and immune function after oral exposure to benzene and toluene. Immunopharmacology, 21: 23–31.

Huck, P.M., Fedorak, P.M. and Anderson, W.B. (1991). Formation and removal of assimilable organic carbon during biological treatment. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(12):69-80.

Huff, J. (1990). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of toluene (Cas No. 108-88-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health.

Huff, J. (2003). Absence of carcinogenic activity in Fischer rats and B6C3F1 mice following 103-week inhalation exposures to toluene. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 9: 138–146.

IARC (1989). Toluene. Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 47: 79-156.

IARC (1999). Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 71: 829-864.

IARC (2000). Ethylbenzene. Some industrial chemicals. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum, 77: 125-156.

Ikeda, M., Ukai, H., Kawai, T., Inoue, O., Maejima, Y., Fukui, Y., Ohashi, F., Okamoto, S., Takada, S. and Sakurai, H. (2008). Changes in correlation coefficients of exposure markers as a function of intensity of occupational exposure to toluene. Toxicol. Lett., 179(3): 148–154.

Imbriani, M. and Ghittori, S. (1997). Effects of ethanol on toluene metabolism in man. G. Ital. Med. Lav., 19(4): 177–181.

Inoue, O., Seiji, K., Watanabe, T., Kasahara, M., Nakatsuka, H., Yin, S., Li, G., Cai, S., Jin, C. and Ikeda, M. (1986). Possible ethnic difference in toluene metabolism: a comparative study among Chinese, Turkish and Japanese solvent workers. Toxicol. Lett., 34: 167–174.

INRS (2008). Toluene: fiche toxicologique. Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Quebec City, Quebec, pp. 1–10.

IPCS (1986). Toluene. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (Environmental Health Criteria 52).

IPCS (1997). Xylenes. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (Environmental Health Criteria 190).

IPCS (2005). Chemical-specific adjustment factors for interspecies differences and human variability: guidance document for use of data in dose/concentration–response assessment. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (Harmonization Project Document No. 2; www.inchem.org/documents/harmproj/harmproj/harmproj2.pdf).

Jang, J.Y., Droz, P.O. and Kim, S. (2001). Biological monitoring of workers exposed to ethylbenzene and co-exposed to xylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 74: 31–37.

Jian, K. and Pintauro, P.N. (1997). Asymmetric PVDF hollow-fiber membranes for organic/water pervaporation. J. Memb. Sci., 135(1): 41–53.

Johnson, A.-C. and Canlon, B. (1994). Progressive hair cell loss induced by toluene exposure. Hear. Res., 75: 201–208.

Jonai, H. and Sato, M. (1988). Exposure indices for painters exposed to toluene and xylene at low concentrations. Ind. Health, 26: 197–202.

Kamijima, M., Nakazawa, Y., Yamakawa, M., Shibata, E., Hisanaga, N., Ono, Y., Toida, M. and Takeuchi, Y. (1994). Metabolic acidosis and renal tubular injury due to pure toluene inhalation. Arch. Environ. Health, 49: 410–413.

Kamijo, Y., Soma, K., Hasegawa, I. and Ohwada, T. (1998). Fatal bilateral adrenal hemorrhage following acute toluene poisoning: a case report. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 36: 365–368.

Kaneko, T., Endoh, K. and Sato, A. (1991a). Biological monitoring of exposure to organic solvent vapors. I. A physiological simulation model of m-xylene pharmacokinetics in man. Yamanashi Med. J., 6(3): 127–135.

Kaneko, T., Wang, P.Y., Tsukada, H. and Sato, A. (1995). m-Xylene toxicokinetics in phenobarbital-treated rats: comparison among inhalation exposure, oral administration, and intraperitoneal administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 131: 13–20.

Kaneko, T., Horiuchi, J. and Sato, A. (2000). Development of a physiologically based

pharmacokinetic model of organic solvent in rats. Pharmacol. Res., 42(5): 465–470.

Kang, S.K., Rohlman, D.S., Lee, M.Y., Lee, H.S., Chung, S.Y. and Anger, W.K. (2005). Neurobehavioral performance in workers exposed to toluene. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 19: 645–650.

Kawai, T., Yasugi, T., Mizunuma, K., Horiguchi, S., Iguchi, H., Uchida, Y., Iwami, O. and Ikeda, M. (1992). Comparative evaluation of urinalysis and blood analysis as means of detecting exposure to organic solvents at low concentrations. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64: 223–234.

Kawai, T., Yasugi, T., Mizunuma, K., Horiguchi, S. and Ikeda, M. (1993). Comparative evaluation of blood and urine analysis as a tool for biological monitoring of n-hexane and toluene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 65(Suppl. 1): S123–S126.

Kawai, T., Mizunuma, K., Yasugi, T., Horiguchi, S. and Ikeda, M. (1994). Toluene in blood as a marker of choice for low-level exposure to toluene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 66(5): 309–315.

Kawai, T., Ukai, H., Inoue, O., Maejima, Y., Fukui, Y., Ohashi, F., Okamoto, S., Takada, S., Sakurai, H. and Ikeda, M. (2008). Evaluation of biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene at low levels. J. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 81(3): 253–262.

Knecht, U., Reske, A. and Woitowitz, H. (2000). Biological monitoring of standardized exposure to ethylbenzene: evaluation of a biological tolerance (BAT) value. Arch. Toxicol., 73: 632–640.

Korbo, L., Ladefoged, O., Lam, H.R., Ostergaard, G., West, M.J. and Arlien-Soborg, P. (1996). Neuronal loss in hippocampus in rats exposed to toluene. Neurotoxicology, 17: 359–366.

Korpela, M. and Tahti, H. (1988). The effect of in vitro and in vivo toluene exposure on rat erythrocyte and synaptosome membrane integral enzymes. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 63: 30–32.

Korsak, Z., Sokal, J.A. and Gorny, R. (1992). Toxic effects of combined exposure to toluene and m-xylene in animals. III. Subchronic inhalation study. Pol. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 5: 27–33.

Korsak, Z., Wisniewska-Knypl, J. and Swiercz, R. (1994). Toxic effects of subchronic combined exposure to n-butyl alcohol and m-xylene in rats. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 7: 155–166.

Krasner, S., Glaze, W., Weinberg, H., Daniel, P., and Najm, I. (1993). Formation and control of bromate during ozonation of water containing bromide. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 85 (1): 73-81.

Krishnan, K. and Carrier, R. (2013). The use of exposure source allocation factor in the risk assessment of drinking-water contaminants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 16 (1): 39-51.

Kum, C., Kiral, F., Sekkin, S., Seyrek, K. and Boyacioglu, M. (2007a). Effects of xylene and formaldehyde inhalations on oxidative stress in adult and developing rats livers. Exp. Anim., 56: 35–42.

Kum, C., Sekkin, S., Kiral, F. and Akar, F. (2007b). Effects of xylene and formaldehyde inhalations on renal oxidative stress and some serum biochemical parameters in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 23: 115–120.

Kumarathasan, P., Oyson, R. and Chu, I. (1998). Application of an automated HS-GC method in partition coefficient determination for xylenes and ethylbenzene in rat tissues. Chemosphere, 37(1): 159–178.

Kyrklund, T., Kjellstrand, P. and Haglid, K. (1987). Brain lipid changes in rats exposed to xylene and toluene. Toxicology, 45: 123–133.

Ladefoged, O., Strange, P., Moller, A., Lam, H.R., Ostergaard, G., Larsen, J.J. and Arlien-Soborg, P. (1991). Irreversible effects in rats of toluene (inhalation) exposure for six months. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 68: 384–390.

Laparé, S., Tardif, R. and Brodeur, J. (1993). Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air: I. Toluene and m-xylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64(8): 569–580.

Lataye, R. and Campo, P. (1997). Combined effects of a simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene on hearing function. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 19: 373–382.

Lehman, E.J. and Hein, M.J. (2006). Mortality of workers employed in shoe manufacturing: an update. Am. J. Ind. Med., 49: 535–546.

Leo, A. (1983). Log P and parameter database Issue No. 24. Prepared by the Medchem Project, Pomona college, Claremont, California.

Leung, H.W. and Paustenbach, D.J. (1988). Application of pharmacokinetics to derive biological exposure indexes from threshold limit values. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 49: 445–450.

Li, A.A., Maurissen, J.P.J., Barnett, J.F., Foss, J., Freshwater, L., Garman, R.H., Peachee, V.L., Hong, S.J., Stump, D.G. and Bus, J.S. (2010). Oral gavage subchronic neurotoxicity and inhalation subchronic immunotoxicity studies of ethylbenzene in the rat. Neurotoxicology, 31: 247–258.

Liang, S., Yates, R., Davis, D., Pastor, S., Palencia, L., and Bruno, J-M. (2001). Treatability of MTBE-contaminated groundwater by ozone and peroxone. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 93 (6):110-120

Lide, D.R. (ed.) (1994). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th edition. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

Lindbohm, M.L., Taskinen, H., Sallmen, M. and Hemminki, K. (1990). Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents. Am. J. Ind. Med., 17: 449–463.

Lipski, C. and Cote, P. (1990). Use of pervaporation for removal of organic contaminants from water. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 34(8): 1069–1073.

Litton Bionetics (1978). Teratology study in rats. Toluene. Final report. LBI Project No. 20698-4. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

Lo, P.-S., Wu, C.-Y., Sue, H.-Z. and Chen, H.-H. (2009). Acute neurobehavioral effects of toluene: involvement of dopamine and NMDA receptors. Toxicology, 265: 34–40.

Löf, A., Wallen, M. and Wigaeus Hjelm, E. (1990). Influence of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the toxicokinetics of toluene. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 66(2): 138–141.

Löf, A., Wigaeus Hjelm, E., Colmsjö, A., Lundmark, B.O., Norström, A. and Sato, A. (1993). Toxicokinetics of toluene and urinary excretion of hippuric acid after human exposure to 2H8-toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 50: 55–59.

Love, O.T. and Eilers, R.G. (1982). Treatment of drinking water containing trichloroethylene and related industrial solvents. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74(8): 413–425.

Love, O.T., Miltner, R.J., Eilers, R.G. and Fronk-Leist, C.A. (1983). Treatment of volatile organic compounds in drinking water. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lowry, L.K. (1987). Review of biological monitoring tests for toluene. In: Biological monitoring of exposure to chemicals. Ho, M.H. and Dillon, H.K. (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, pp. 99–109.

Lundberg, I. and Milatou-Smith, R. (1998). Mortality and cancer incidence among Swedish paint industry workers with long-term exposure to organic solvents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 24: 270–275.

Lupo, P.J., Symanski, E., Kim Waller, D., Chan, W., Langlois, P.H., Canfield, M.A. and Mitchell, L.E. (2011). Maternal exposure to ambient levels of benzene and neural tube defects among offspring: Texas, 1999–2004. Environ. Health Perspect., 119: 397–402.

Lykins, B.W., Jr. and Clark, R.M. (1994). US drinking water regulations: treatment technologies and cost. Drinking Water Research Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (EPA-600/J-94/3810).

Mackay, D. and Leinonen, P.J. (1975). Rate of evaporation of low solubility contaminants from water bodies to atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol., 9: 1178–1180.

Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y. and Ma, K.C. (1992). Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.

Maestri, L., Ghittori, S. and Imbriani, M. (1997). Determination of specific mercapturic acids as an index of exposure to environmental benzene, toluene, and styrene. Ind. Health, 35: 489–501.

Maltoni, C., Ciliberti, A., Pinto, C., Soffritti, M., Belpoggi, F. and Menarini, L. (1997). Results of long-term experimental carcinogenicity studies of the effects of gasoline, correlated fuels, and major gasoline aromatics on rats. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 837: 15–52.

Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship (2012). Personal communication with Housseini Coalibaly.

Marks, T.A., Ledoux, T.A. and Moore, J.A. (1982). Teratogenicity of a commercial xylene mixture in the mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 9: 97–106.

Matsushita, T., Arimatsu, Y. and Ueda, A. (1975). Hematological and neuromuscular response of workers exposed to low concentration of toluene vapor. Ind. Health, 13: 115–121.

Mattia, C.J. (1993). Toluene-induced oxidative stress in several brain regions and other organs. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol., 18: 313–328.

Mattie, D.R., Bates, G.D., Jr., Jepson, G.W., Fisher, J.W. and McDougal, J.N. (1994). Determination of skin:air partition coefficients for volatile chemicals: experimental method and applications. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 22: 51–57.

McKinnon, R.J. and Dyksen, J.E. (1984). Removing organics from groundwater through aeration plus GAC. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76: 42–47.

Mellert, W., Deckardt, K., Kaufmann, W. and van Ravenzwaay, B. (2007). Ethylbenzene: 4- and 13-week rat oral toxicity. Arch. Toxicol., 81: 361–370.

Mi, Y., Liu, Y., Yuan, D., Zhang, J. and Xiao, Y. (2005). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes via toluene-thermal reduction process at moderate temperature. J. Mater. Sci., 40: 3635–3638.

Middleton, F.M., Rosen, A.A. and Burttschell, R.H. (1958). Taste and odour research tools for water utilities. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 50: 21.

Miligi, L., Costantini, A.S., Benvenuti, A., Kriebel, D., Bolejack, V., Tumino, R., Ramazzotti, V., Rodella, S., Stagnaro, E., Crosignani, P., Amadori, D., Mirabelli, D., Sommani, L., Belletti, I., Troschel, L., Romeo, L., Miceli, G., Tozzi, G.A., Mendico, I. and Vineis, P. (2006). Occupational exposure to solvents and the risk of lymphomas. Epidemiology, 17: 552–561.

Miltner, R., Speth, T., Endocott, D. and Reionhold, J. (1987). Final internal report on carbon use rate data. Organic Control Branch, Drinking Water Research Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.

Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du Québec (2012). Personal communication with Anouka Bolduc.

Mitra, S. and Roy, P. (2011). BTEX: a serious ground-water contaminant. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 5: 394–398.

Mohtashamipur, E., Norpoth, K., Woelke, U. and Huber, P. (1985). Effects of ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene on the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of mice. Arch. Toxicol., 58: 106–109.

Molhave, L., Bach, B. and Pedersen, O.F. (1986). Human reactions to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds. Environ. Int., 12: 167–175.

Monster, A.C., Kezic, S., van de Gevel, I. and de Wolff, F.A. (1993). Evaluation of biological monitoring parameters for occupational exposure to toluene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 65(Suppl. 1): 159–162.

Morata, T.C., Fiorini, A.C., Fischer, F.M., Colacioppo, S., Wallingford, K.M., Krieg, E.F., Dunn, D.E., Gozzoli, L., Padrão, M.A. and Cesar, C.L.G. (1997). Toluene-induced hearing loss among rotogravure printing workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 23: 289–298.

Morgan, D.L., Cooper, S.W., Carlock, D.L., Sykora, J.J., Sutton, B., Mattie, D.R. and McDougal, J.N. (1991). Dermal absorption of neat and aqueous volatile organic chemicals in the Fischer 344 rat. Environ. Res., 55: 51–63.

Morozzi, G., De Bartolomeo, A., Fabiani, R., Rosignoli, P. and Lepore, L. (1999). Induction of DNA-damage and apoptosis by volatile organic compounds and by benzene metabolites. Ig. Mod., 112: 1503–1513.

Murata, K., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Tanigawa, T., Yamashita, K., Okajima, F., Sakai, T., Matsunaga, C. and Suwa, K. (1993). Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in rotogravure printers exposed to toluene in relation to peripheral nerve conduction. Ind. Health, 31: 79–90.

Mutti, A., Falzoi, M., Romanelli, A., Bocchi, M.C., Ferroni, C. and Franchini, I. (1988). Brain dopamine as a target for solvent toxicity: effects of some monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicology, 49: 77–82.

Najm, N.I., Snoeyink, V.L., Lykins, B.W., Jr. and Adams, J.Q. (1991). Using powdered activated carbon: a critical review. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(1): 65–75.

Nakajima, T. and Sato, A. (1979). Enhanced activity of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes for aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons following food deprivation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 50: 549–556.

Nakajima, T. and Wang, R.-S. (1994). Induction of cytochrome P450 by toluene. Int. J. Biochem., 26: 1333–1340.

Nakajima, T., Wang, R.-S., Elovaara, E., Park, S.S., Gelboin, H.V., Hietanen, E. and Vainio, H. (1991). Monoclonal antibody-directed characterization of cytochrome P-450 isozymes responsible for toluene metabolism in rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol., 41(3): 395–404.

Nakajima, T., Wang, R.-S., Elovaara, E., Park, S.S., Gelboin, H.V. and Vainio, H. (1992a). A comparative study on the contribution of cytochrome P450 isozymes to metabolism of benzene, toluene and trichloroethylene in rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol., 43: 251–257.

Nakajima, T., Wang, R.-S., Katakura, Y., Kishi, R., Elovaara, E., Park, S.S., Gelboin, H.V. and Vainio, H. (1992b). Sex-, age- and pregnancy-induced changes in the metabolism of toluene and trichloroethylene in rat liver in relation to the regulation of cytochrome P45011E1 and P45011C11 content. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 261(3): 869–874.

Nakajima, T., Wang, R.-S., Elovaara, E., Park, S., Gelboin, H. and Vainio, H. (1993). Cytochrome P450-related differences between rats and mice in the metabolism of benzene, toluene and trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 45(5): 1079–1085.

Nakajima, T., Wang R.-S., Elovaara, E., Gonzalez, F.J., Gelboin, H.V., Raunio, H., Pelkonen, O., Vainio, H. and Aoyama, T. (1997). Toluene metabolism by cDNA-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P-450. Biochem. Pharmacol., 53(3): 271–277.

Nakamura, S., Oda, Y., Shimada, T., Oki, I. and Sugimoto, K. (1987). SOS-inducing activity of chemical carcinogens and mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002: examination with 151 chemicals. Mutat. Res., 192: 239–246.

Nakatsuka, H., Watanabe, T., Takeuchi, Y., Hisanaga, N., Shibata, E., Suzuki, H., Huang, M.Y., Chen, Z., Qu, Q.S. and Ikeda, M. (1992). Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below occupational exposure limits. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64: 113–117.

Nestman, E.R., Lee, E.G.H. and Matula, T.I. (1980). Mutagenicity of constituents identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. Mutat. Res., 79: 203–212.

Neubert, D., Gericke, C., Hanke, B., Beckmann, G., Baltes, M.M., Kühl, K.P., Bochert, G. and Hartmann, J. (2001). Multicenter field trial on possible health effects of toluene. II. Cross-sectional evaluation of acute low-level exposure. Toxicology, 168: 159–183.

New Brunswick Department of Health (2012). Personal communication with Kevin Gould.

Ng, T.P., Ong, S.G., Lama, W.K., Jones, M.G., Cheung, C.K. and Ong, C.N. (1990). Urinary levels of proteins and metabolites in workers exposed to toluene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 62: 43–46.

Nong, A. (2014). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of individual components of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene exposure in drinking water. Computational Toxicology Laboratory, Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada.

Nong, A., McCarver, D.G., Hines, R.N. and Krishnan, K. (2006). Modeling interchild differences in pharmacokinetics on the basis of subject-specific data on physiology and hepatic CYP2E1 levels: a case study with toluene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 214(1): 78–87.

Nong, A., Charest-Tardif, G., Tardif, R., Lewis, D.F.V., Sweeney, L.M., Gargas, M.L. and Krishnan, K. (2007). Physiologically based modeling of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of ethylbenzene in B6C3F1 mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 70(21): 1838–1848.

Nordling Nilson, L., Karlson, B., Nise, G., Malmberg, B. and Ørbaek, P. (2010). Delayed manifestations of CNS effects in formerly exposed printers—A 20-year follow-up. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 32: 620–626.

Norppa, H. and Vainio, H. (1983). Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by styrene analogues in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 116: 379–387.

Norström, A., Andersson, B., Levin, J.O., Näslund, P., Wallèn, M. and Löf, A. (1989). Biological monitoring of o-xylene after experimental exposure in man: determination of urinary excretion products. Chemosphere, 18: 1513–1523.

Norström, A., Andersson, B., Aringer, L., Levin, J.O., Löf, A., Näslund, P. and Wallèn, M. (1988). Determination of specific mercapturic acids in human urine after experimental exposure to toluene or o-xylene. IARC Sci. Publ., 89: 232–234.

NRCan (2011). National Resources Canada. Canadian crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products: Review of 2009 and outlook to 2030. Available at: www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.energy/files/pdf/eneene/sources/crubru/revrev/pdf/revrev-09-eng.pdf

NSF/ANSI (2013a). Standard 53: Drinking water treatments units—Health effects. NSF International and American National Standards Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

NSF/ANSI (2013b). Standard 58: Reverse osmosis drinking water treatment systems. NSF International and American National Standards Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

NTP (1986). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of xylenes (mixed) (60% m-xylene, 14% p-xylene, 9% o-xylene, and 17% ethylbenzene) (CAS No. 133020-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC (National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 327; NIH Publication No. 87-2583).

NTP (1990). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 371).

NTP (1992). Toxicity studies of ethylbenzene in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (NIH Publication No. 92-3129).

NTP (1999). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series No. 466; NIH Publication No. 99-3956).

Nylén, P., Ebendal, T., Eriksdotter-Nilsson, M., Hansson, T., Henschen, A., Johnson, A.C., Kronevi, T., Kvist, U., Sjostrand, N.O., Hoglund, G. and Olson, L. (1989). Testicular atrophy and loss of nerve growth factor-immunoreactive germ cell line in rats exposed to n-hexane and a protective effect of simultaneous exposure to toluene or xylene. Arch. Toxicol., 63: 296–307.

OEHHA (1997a). Public health goal for ethylbenzene in drinking water. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California (OEHHA.1-27). Available at: http://oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/etbx2_c.pdf

OEHHA (1997b). Public health goal for xylene in drinking water. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California (OEHHA.1-26). Available at: http://oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/xylen_c.pdf

OEHHA (1999). Public health goal for toluene in drinking water. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California (OEHHA.1-37). Available at: http://oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/tolu_f.pdf

Ogata, M. (1984). Estimation of solvent concentrations in ambient air from urinary metabolite levels of workers exposed to solvents. Ind. Health, 22: 319–324.

Ogata, M., Tomokuni, K. and Takatsuka, Y. (1970). Urinary excretion of hippuric acid and m- or p-methylhippuric acid in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of toluene and m- or p-xylene as a test of exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med., 27: 43–50.

Ogata, M., Yamasaki, Y., Meguro, T., Sugihara, R. and Shimada, Y. (1979). Quantitation of urinary o-xylene metabolites in rats and human beings by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ind. Health, 17: 123–125.

Ohlen, K., Chang, Y., Hegemann, W., Yin, C. and Lee, S. (2005). Enhanced degradation of chlorinated ethylenes in groundwater from a paint contaminated site by two-stage fluidized-bed reactor. Chemosphere, 58: 373–377.

Olson, B.A., Gamberale, F. and Iregren, A. (1985). Coexposure to toluene and p-xylene in man: central nervous functions. Br. J. Ind. Med., 42: 117–122.

Olsson, H. and Brandt, L. (1980). Occupational exposure to organic solvents and Hodgkin's disease in man. A case-referent study. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 6: 302–305.

Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (1993). Ontario typical range of chemical parameters in soils, vegetation, moss bags and snow., Toronto, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (2000). Air quality in Ontario, 2000 report., Toronto, Ontario.

Ono, A., Sekita, K., Ogawa, Y., Hirose, A., Suzuki, S., Saito, M., Naito, K., Kaneko, T., Furuya, T., Kawashima, K., Yasuhara, K., Matsumoto, K., Tanaka, S., Inoue, T. and Kurokawa, Y. (1996). Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of toluene II. Effects of inhalation exposure on fertility in rats. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 15: 9–20.

Ontario Ministry of the Environment (2012). Personal communication with Satish Deshpande.

Otson, R., William, D.T. and Bothwell, P.D. (1982). Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 65: 1370–1374.

Paterson, S.C. and Sarvesvaran, R. (1983). Plastic bag death: a toluene fatality. Med. Sci. Law, 23: 64–66.

Pearson, M.A., Hoyme, H.E., Seaver, L.H. and Rimsza, M.E. (1994). Toluene embryopathy: delineation of the phenotype and comparison with fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatrics, 93: 211–215.

Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Harris, B.S., 3rd, Waddell, R.D., Whitaker, D.A. and Erickson, M.D. (1982). Purgeable organic compounds in mother's milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 28: 322–328.

Pellizzari, E.D., Wallace, L.A. and Gordon, S.M. (1992). Elimination kinetics of volatile organics in humans using breath measurements. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 2: 341–355.

Peng, M., Vane, L.M. and Liu, S.X. (2003). Recent advances in VOCs removal from water by pervaporation. J. Hazard. Mater., 98(1): 69–90.

Pierce, C.H., Dills, R.L., Morgan, M.S., Nothstein, G.L., Shen, D.D. and Kalman, D.A. (1996a). Interindividual differences in 2H8-toluene toxicokinetics assessed by semi-empirical physiologically based model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 139(1): 49–61.

Plappert, U., Barthel, E. and Seidel, H.J. (1994). Reduction of benzene toxicity by toluene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 24: 283–292.

Pryor, G.T. (1991). A toluene-induced motor syndrome in rats resembling that seen in some human solvent abusers. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 13: 387–400.

Pyykkö, K., Tähti, H. and Vapaatalo, H. (1977). Toluene concentrations in various tissues of rats after inhalation and oral administration. Arch. Toxicol., 38: 169–176.

Rahumathulla, R., Cober, N. and Boyce, J. (2010). Benzene in Canadian gasoline: Effect of the Benzene in Gasoline Regulations. 2008 Annual Report. Environment Canada Cat. No. En11-5/2008E-PDF. Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/DB03415D-9754-4D44-835C-86255D9E76A3%5CBenzeneInCanadianGasoline2008.pdf

Ramsey, J.C. and Andersen, M.E. (1984). A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 73: 159–175.

Rea, T.M., Nash, J.F. and Zabik, J.E. (1984). Effects of toluene inhalation on brain biogenic amines in the rat. Toxicology, 31: 143–150.

Richer, C.L., Chakrabarti, L., Senecal-Quevillon, M., Duhr, L.A., Zhang, X.X. and Tardif, T. (1993). Cytogenetic effects of low-level exposure to toluene, xylene, and their mixture on human blood lymphocytes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64: 581–585.

Riihimäki, V. (1979). Percutaneous absorption of m-xylene from a mixture of m-xylene and isobutyl alcohol in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 5: 143–150.

Riihimäki, V. and Pfäffli, P. (1978). Percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 4: 73–85.

Riihimäki, V. and Savolainen, K. (1980). Human exposure to m-xylene. Kinetics and acute effects on the central nervous system. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 23: 411–422.

Riihimäki, V., Pfäffli, P., Savolainen, K. and Pekari, K. (1979). Kinetics of m-xylene in man: general features of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion in repetitive inhalation exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 5: 217–231.

Robeck, G.G. and Love, O.T., Jr. (1983). Removal of volatile organic contaminants from groundwater. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Drinking Water Research Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (EPA-600/D-83-011).

Roberts, L.G., Nicolich, M.J. and Schreiner, C.A. (2007). Developmental and reproductive toxicity evaluation of toluene vapor in the rat. II. Developmental toxicity. Reprod. Toxicol., 23: 521–531.

Römer, K., Federsel, R. and Freundt, K. (1986). Rise of inhaled toluene, ethyl benzene, m-xylene, or mesitylene in rat blood after treatment with ethanol. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37: 874–876.

Saillenfait, A.M., Gallissot, F., Morel, G. and Bonnet, P. (2003). Developmental toxicities of ethylbenzene, ortho-, meta-, para-xylene and technical xylene in rats following inhalation exposure. Food Chem. Toxicol., 41: 415–429.

Saillenfait, A.M., Gallissot, F., Sabaté, J.P., Bourges-Abella, N., Cadot, R., Morel, G. and Lambert, A.M. (2006). Developmental toxicity of combined ethylbenzene and methylethylketone administered by inhalation to rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 44: 1287–1298.

Saillenfait, A.-M, Gallissot, F., Sabaté, J.P., Bourges-Abella, N. and Muller, S. (2007). Developmental toxic effects of ethylbenzene or toluene alone and in combination with butyl acetate in rats after inhalation exposure. J. Appl. Toxicol., 27: 32–42.

Sallmén, M., Neto, M. and Mayan, O.N. (2008). Reduced fertility among shoe manufacturing workers. Occup. Environ. Med., 65: 518–524.

Sams, C., Loizou, G.D., Cocker, J. and Lennard, M.S. (2004). Metabolism of ethylbenzene by human liver microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYP). Toxicol. Lett., 147(3): 253–260.

Sandmeyer, E. (1981). Aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology, Vol. 2B, G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. pp. 3291–3300.

Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment (2012). Personal communication with Sam Ferris.

Sato, A. and Nakajima, T. (1978). Differences following skin or inhalation exposure in the absorption and excretion kinetics of trichlorethylene and toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 35: 43–49.

Sato A., Nakajima T., Fujiwara Y. and Hirosawa, K. (1974). Pharmacokinetics of benzene and toluene. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 33: 169–182.

Savolainen, K. and Pfäffli, P. (1980). Dose-dependent neurochemical changes during short-term inhalation exposure to m-xylene. Arch. Toxicol., 45: 117–122.

Savolainen, K. and Seppalainen, A.M. (1979). Biochemical and physiological effects of organic solvents on rat axon membranes isolated by a new technique. Neurotoxicology, 1: 467–477.

Savolainen, K., Riihimäki, V. and Linnoila, M. (1979). Effects of short-term xylene exposure on psychophysiological functions in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 44: 201–211.

Savolainen, K., Riihimäki, V., Seppalainen, A.M. and Linnoila, M. (1980). Effects of short-term m-xylene exposure and physical exercise on the central nervous system. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 45: 105–121.

Savolainen, K., Riihimäki, V., Luukkonen, R. and Muona, O. (1985). Changes in the sense of balance correlate with concentrations of m-xylene in venous blood. Br. J. Ind. Med., 42: 765–769.

SCC (2014). Directory of accredited product and service certification bodies. Standards Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Available at: www.scc.ca/en/programs-services/product-certification/directory-of-accredited-clients

Schäper, M., Demes, P., Zupanic, M., Blaszkewicz, M. and Seeber, A. (2003). Occupational toluene exposure and auditory function: results from a follow-up study. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 47: 493–502.

Sedivec, V. and Flek, J. (1976). Exposure test for xylenes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 37: 219–232.

Seeber, A., Schäper, M., Zupanic, M., Blaszkewicz, M., Demes, P., Kiesswetter, E. and van Thriel, C. (2004). Toluene exposure below 50 ppm and cognitive function: a follow-up study with four repeated measurements in rotogravure printing plants. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 77: 1–9.

Seeber, A., Demes, P., Kiesswetter, E., Schäper, M., van Thriel, C. and Zupanic, M. (2005). Changes of neurobehavioral and sensory functions due to toluene exposure below 50 ppm? Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 19: 635–643.

Seidel, S.D., Schisler, M.R. and Kleinert, K.M. (2006). Evaluation of ethylbenzene in the mouse lymphoma (L5178TK+/-) forward mutation assay. Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company (Study ID: 051157).

Seidenberg, J.M., Anderson, D.G. and Becker, R.A. (1986). Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen in the mouse. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutag., 6: 361–374.

Seiji, K., Inoue, O., Nakatsuka, H., Kasahara, M., Watanabe, T., Lee, B.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, K.M., Cho, K.S. and Ikeda, M. (1987). No biologically significant changes in liver function after occupational exposure to toluene at over-OEL levels. Ind. Health, 25: 163–168.

Senczuk, W. and Orlowski, J. (1978). Absorption of m-xylene vapours through the respiratory tract and excretion. Br. J. Ind. Med., 35: 50–55.

Shatkin, J.A. and Brown, H.S. (1991). Pharmacokinetics of the dermal route of exposure to volatile organic chemicals in water: a computer simulation model. Environ. Res., 56(1): 90–108.

Shimizu, H., Suzuki, Y. and Takemura, N. (1985). The results of microbial mutation test for forty-three industrial chemicals. Jpn. J. Ind. Health, 27: 400–419.

Siddiqui, M., and Amy, G. (1993). Factors affecting the DBP formation during ozone-bromide reaction. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 85 (1): 63-72

Slooff, W. and Blokzijl, P.J. (eds.) (1988). Integrated criteria document toluene. RIVM Research for Man and Environment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environmental, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (Report No. 758473010).

Smillie, R.D., Sakuma, T. and Duholke, W.K. (1978). Low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Environ. Sci. Eng., A13: 187–197.

Smith, J.M., Smithies, R.H. and Williams, R.T. (1954). The metabolism of alkylbenzenes. Stereochemical aspects of the biological hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to methylphenylcarbinol, Biochem J., 6(2): 320–324.

Smith, K.N. (1983). Determination of the reproductive effects in mice of nine selected chemicals. Bioassay Systems Corporation (NIOSH Contract No. 219-81-6011; BSC Project No. 10867).

Smyth, H.F., Jr., Carpenter, C.P., Weil, C.S., Pozzani, U.C. and Striegel, J.A. (1962). Range-finding toxicity data: List VI. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 23: 95–107.

Snoeyink, V.L. (1990). Chapter 13. Adsorption of organic compounds. In: Water quality and treatment. 4th edition. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.

Soulage, C., Perrin, D., Berenguer, P. and Pequignot, J.M. (2004). Sub-chronic exposure to toluene at 40 ppm alters the monoamine biosynthesis rate in discrete brain areas. Toxicology, 196: 21–30.

Speth, T.F. and Miltner, R.J. (1990). Technical note: adsorption capacity of GAC for synthetic organics. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(2): 72–75.

Stengel, B., Cénée, S., Limasset, J.C., Diebold, F., Michard, D., Druet, P. and Hémon, D. (1998). Immunologic and renal markers among photogravure printers exposed to toluene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 24: 276–284.

Stenzel, M.H. and Gupta, S.G. (1985). Treatment of contaminated groundwater using granular activated carbon and air stripping. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 35: 1304–1309.

Sugihara, R. and Ogata, M. (1978). Quantitation of urinary m- and p-methylhippuric acids as indices of m- and p-xylene exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 41: 281–286.

Susten, A.S., Niemeier, R.W. and Simon, S.D. (1990). In vivo percutaneous absorption studies of volatile organic solvents in hairless mice. II. Toluene, ethylbenzene and aniline. J. Appl. Toxicol., 10(3): 217–225.

Svensson, B.G., Nise, G., Englander, V., Attewell, R., Skerfving, S. and Moller, T. (1990). Deaths and tumours among rotogravure printers exposed to toluene. Br. J. Ind. Med., 47: 372–379.

Swedish Chemicals Agency (2010). Xylene (isomer). Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI), Sundbyberg, Sweden. Available at: http://apps.kemi.se/flodessok/floden/kemamne_eng/xylen_eng.htm

Takeichi, S., Yamada, T. and Shikata, I. (1986). Acute toluene poisoning during painting. Forensic Sci. Int., 32: 109–115.

Tanaka, K., Maeda, T., Kobayashi, T., Tanaka, M. and Fukushima, T. (2003). A survey of urinary hippuric acid and subjective symptoms among occupational low toluene exposed workers. Fukushima J. Med. Sci., 49: 129–139.

Tap, Ö., Solmaz, S., Polat, S., Mete, U.Ö., Özbilgin, M.K. and Kaya, M. (1996). The effect of toluene on the rat ovary: an ultrastructural study. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 28: 553–558.

Tardif, R., Lapare, S., Plaa, G.L. and Brodeur, J. (1991). Effect of simultaneous exposure to toluene and xylene on their respective biological exposure indices in humans. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 63: 279–284.

Tardif, R., Plaa, G.L. and Brodeur, J. (1992). Influence of various mixtures of inhaled toluene and xylene on the biological monitoring of exposure to these solvents in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 70: 385–395.

Tardif, R., Laparé, S., Krishnan, K. and Brodeur, J. (1993). Physiologically-based modeling of the toxicokinetic interaction between toluene and m-xylene in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 120: 266–273.

Tardif, R., Lapar, S., Charest-Tardif, G., Brodeur, J. and Krishnan, K. (1995). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of a mixture of toluene and xylene in humans. Risk Anal., 15(3): 335–342.

Tardif, R., Charest-Tardif, G., Brodeur, J. and Krishnan, K. (1997). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of a ternary mixture of alkyl benzenes in rats and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 144: 120–134.

Tardif, R., Truchon, G. and Brodeur, J. (1998). Comparison of hippuric acid and o-cresol in urine and unchanged toluene in alveolar air for the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene in human volunteers. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 13: 127–132.

Taskinen, H., Lindbohm, M.L. and Hemminki, K. (1986). Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry. Br. J. Ind. Med., 43: 199–205.

Taskinen, H., Kyyronen, P., Hemminki, K., Hoikkala, M., Lajunen, K. and Lindbohm, M.L. (1994). Laboratory work and pregnancy outcome. J. Occup. Med., 36: 311–319.

Tassaneeyakul, W., Birkett, D.J., Edwards, J.W., Veronese, M.E., Tassaneeyakul, W., Tukey, R.H. and Miners, J.O. (1996). Human cytochrome P450 isoform specificity in the regioselective metabolism of toluene and o-, m-, and p-xylene. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 276: 101–108.

Thiel, R. and Chahoud, I. (1997). Postnatal development and behaviour of Wistar rats after prenatal toluene exposure. Arch. Toxicol., 71: 258–265.

Thomas, R.G. (1982). Volatilization from water. In: Lyman, W., Reehl, W.F. and Rosenblatt, D.H. (eds.). Handbook of chemical property estimation methods: environmental behavior of organic compounds. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.

Thrall, K.D. and Woodstock, A.D. (2002). Evaluation of the dermal absorption of aqueous toluene in F344 rats using real-time breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 65(24): 2087–2100.

Thrall, K.D. and Woodstock, A.D. (2003). Evaluation of the dermal bioavailability of aqueous xylene in F344 rats and human volunteers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 66: 1267–1281.

Thrall, K.D., Poet, T.S., Corley, R.A., Tanojo, H., Edwards, J.A., Weitz, K.K., Hui, X., Maibach, H.I. and Wester, R.C. (2000). A real-time in-vivo method for studying the percutaneous absorption of volatile chemicals. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 6(2): 96–103.

Thrall, K.D., Gies, R.A., Muniz, J., Woodstock, A.D. and Higgins, G. (2002). Route-of-entry and brain tissue partition coefficients for common Superfund contaminants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 65(24): 2075–2086.

Tokunaga, I., Gotohda, T., Ishigami, A., Kitamura, O. and Kubo, S. (2003). Toluene inhalation induced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation as the peroxidative degeneration in rat organs. Leg. Med., 5: 34–41.

Topudurti, K., Wojciechowski, M., Anagnostopoulos, S. and Eilers, R. (1998). Field evaluation of a photocatalytic oxidation technology. Water Sci. Technol., 38(7): 117–125.

Truchon, G., Tardif, R. and Brodeur, J. (1999). o-Cresol: a good indicator of exposure to low levels of toluene. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 14(10): 677–681.

Turkall, R.M., Skowronski, G.A. and Abdel-Rahman, M.S. (1991). Differences in kinetics of pure and soil-adsorbed toluene in orally exposed male rats. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 20: 155–160.

Turkall, R.M., Skowronski, G.A., Kadry, A.R. and Abdel-Rahman, M.S. (1992). Sex differences in the bioavailability of soil-adsorbed meta-xylene in orally exposed rats. Toxicol. Lett., 63: 57–67.

Uchida, Y., Nakatsuka, H., Ukai, H., Watanabe, T., Liu, Y.T., Huang, M.Y., Wang, Y.L., Zhu, F.Z., Yin, H. and Ikeda, M. (1993). Symptoms and signs in workers exposed predominantly to xylenes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 64: 597–605.

Ukai, H., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Satoh, T., Liu, S.J., Qiao, X., Yin, H., Jin, C., Li, G.L. and Ikeda, M. (1993). Dose-dependent increase in subjective symptoms among toluene-exposed workers. Environ. Res., 60: 274–289.

Ungváry, G. (1985). The possible contribution of industrial chemicals (organic solvents) to the incidence of congenital defects caused by teratogenic drugs and consumer goods—an experimental study. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 163 B, 295–300.

Ungváry, G. (1986). Solvent effects on reproduction: experimental toxicity. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 220: 169–177.

Uragami, T., Yamada, H. and Miyata, T. (2001). Removal of dilute volatile organic compounds in water through graft copolymer membranes consisting of poly (alkylmethacrylate) and poly (dimethylsiloxane) by pervaporation and their membrane morphology. J. Memb. Sci., 187(1): 255–269.

U.S. EPA (1982). Aquatic fate process data for organic priority pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

U.S. EPA (1987). Drinking water criteria document on xylenes. Final draft. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (ECAO-CIN-416).

U.S. EPA (1990). Technologies and costs for the removal of synthetic organic chemicals from potable water supplies. Criteria Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (PB91-143438).

U.S. EPA (1991a). Technologies for upgrading existing or designing new drinking water treatment facilities. Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.

U.S. EPA (1991b). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; synthetic organic chemicals and inorganic chemicals; final rule. Fed. Regist., 56(20): 3526.

U.S. EPA (1992). Dermal exposure assessment: principles and applications. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA/600/8-91/011B).

U.S. EPA (1995a). National primary drinking water regulations: Toluene. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (EPA 811-F-95-004 p-T).

U.S. EPA (1995b). National primary drinking water regulations: Ethylbenzene. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (EPA 811-F-95-004 m-T).

U.S. EPA (1995c). National primary drinking water regulations: Xylenes (total). Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (EPA 811-F-95-004 m-T).

U.S. EPA (1995d). Methods for determinations of organic compounds in drinking water. Supplement III. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA 600-R-95-131).

U.S. EPA (1998). Small system compliance technology list for the non-microbial contaminants regulated before 1996. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA 815-R-98-002).

U.S. EPA (2005a). Toxicological review of toluene. In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA/635/R-05/004). Available at: www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/0118tr.pdf

U.S. EPA (2005b). Toluene (CASRN 108-88-3). Integrated Risk Information System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available at: www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0118.htm

U.S. EPA (2009). Method 524.3 Version 1.0. Measurement of purgeable organic compounds in water by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Technical Support Center, Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio (EPA 815-B-09-009).

U.S. EPA (2010). Benchmark dose software (BMDS) version 2.1.1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available at: www.epa.gov/ncea/bmds/about.html

U.S. EPA (2011). Analytical method approved for drinking water compliance monitoring of organic contaminants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/labcert/upload/methods_organic.pdf

U.S. FDA (2008). Total Diet Study, market baskets 1991-3 through 2003-4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodScienceResearch/TotalDietStudy/UCM184303.pdf

Vaalavirta, L. and Tahti, H. (1995). Astrocyte membrane Na⁺,^K+-ATPase and Mg²⁺-ATPase as targets of organic solvent impact. Life Sci., 57: 2223–2230.

Vallero, D.A. (2004). Environmental contaminants: assessment and control. Elsevier Inc., London, United Kingdom.

Van Asperen, J., Rijcken, W.R. and Lammers, J.H. (2003). Application of physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling to study the impact of the exposure scenario on the toxicokinetics and the behavioural effects of toluene in rats. Toxicol. Lett., 138(1–2): 51–62.

Van Doorn, R., Bos, R.P., Brouns, R.M., Leijdekkers, C.M. and Henderson, P.T. (1980). Effect of toluene and xylenes on liver glutathione and their urinary excretion as mercapturic acids in the rat. Arch. Toxicol., 43(4): 293–304.

VanGemert, L.J. and Nettenbrijer, A.H. (1977). Compilation of odour threshold values in air and water. Zeist, Netherlands, National Institute for for Water Supply/Central Institute for Nutrition and Food Research TNO.

VCCEP (2006). Tier 1 pilot submission for ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4). Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available at: www.tera.org/Peer/VCCEP/Ethylbenzene/VCCEP%20EB%20main%20FINAL%20121206.pdf

Verschueren, K. (1983). Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, New York.

Vieira, I., Sonnier, M. and Cresteil, T. (1996). Developmental expression of CYP2E1 in the human liver: hypermethylation control of gene expression during the neonatal period. Eur. J. Biochem., 238: 476–483.

Voice, T.C., Pak, D., Zhzo, X. and Hickey. R.F. (1992). Biological activated carbon in fluidized bed reactors for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Water Research, 26(10): 1389-1401.

Von Burg, R. (1993). Toluene. J. Appl. Toxicol., 13: 441–446.

Von Euler, G., Ogren, S.O., Eneroth, P., Fuxe, K. and Gustafsson, J.A. (1994). Persistent effects of 80 ppm toluene on dopamine-regulated locomotor activity and prolactin secretion in the male rat. Neurotoxicology, 15: 621–624.

Vrca, A., Božicevic, D., Karacic, V., Fuchs, R., Prpic-Majic, D. and Malinar, M. (1995). Visual evoked potentials in individuals exposed to long-term low concentrations of toluene. Arch. Toxicol., 69: 337–340.

Vrca, A., Karacic, V., Božicevic, D., Božikov, V. and Malinar, M. (1996). Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in individuals exposed to long-term low concentrations of toluene. Am. J. Ind. Med., 30: 62–66.

Vrca, A., Božicevic, D., Božikov, V., Fuchs, R. and Malinar, M. (1997). Brain stem evoked potentials and visual evoked potentials in relation to the length of occupational exposure to low levels of toluene. Acta Med. Croatica, 51: 215–219.

Walker, J.T., Bloom, T.F., Stern, F.B., Okun, A.H., Fingerhut, M.A. and Halperin, W.E. (1993). Mortality of workers employed in shoe manufacturing. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 19: 89–95.

Wallen, M., Naslund, P.H. and Nordqvist, M.B. (1984). The effects of ethanol on the kinetics of toluene in man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 76: 414–419.

Wang, J.D. and Chen, J.D. (1993). Acute and chronic neurological symptoms among paint workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents. Environ. Res., 61: 107–116.

Wang, R.S. and Nakajima, T. (1992). Effects of ethanol and phenobarbital treatments on the pharmacokinetics of toluene in rats. Br. J. Ind. Med., 49: 104–112.

Wang, Y.R., Yang, D.Y., Zhang, M., Wang, Q., Liu, J., Yang, X.Y. and Jiang, S.Q. (2010). [Effects of ethylbenzene on oxidative damage, ultrastructure and expressions of apoptosis-related genes in rat brain tissues.] Chin. J. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis., 28: 810–814 (in Chinese).

Washington, W.J., Murthy, R.C. and Doye, A. (1983). Induction of morphologically abnormal sperm in rats exposed to o-xylene. Arch. Androl., 11: 233–237.

Welch, V.A., Fallon, K.J. and Gelbke, H.-P. (2005). Ethylbenzene. In: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim, Germany.

Wen, C.P., Tsai, S.P. and Weiss, N.S. (1985). Long-term mortality study of oil refinery workers. IV. Exposure to the lubricating-dewaxing process. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 74: 11–18.

WHO (2003a). Ethylbenzene in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 10 pp. (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/26). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ethylbenzene.pdf

WHO (2003b). Xylenes in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 10 pp. (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/25). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/xylenes.pdf

WHO (2004). Toluene in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 17 pp. (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/116). Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/toluene.pdf

WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf

Wigaeus Hjelm, E., Naslund, P.H. and Wallen, M. (1988). Influence of cigarette smoking on the toxicokinetics of toluene in humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 25: 155–163.

Wilson, J.T., Miller, G.D., Ghiorse, W.C. and Leach, F.R. (1986). Relationship between the ATP content of subsurface material and the rate of biodegradation of alkylbenzenes and chlorobenzene. J. Contam. Hydrol., 1: 163–170.

Wolf, G.W. (1988a). Subchronic toxicity study in rats with m-xylene. Report by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. Sponsored by Dynamac Corporation, Rockville, Maryland (Project No. 2399-108). As cited in: ATSDR (2007).

Wolf, G.W. (1988b). Subchronic toxicity study in rats with p-xylene. Report by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. Sponsored by Dynamac Corporation, Rockville, Maryland (Project No. 2399-110). As cited in: ATSDR (2007).

Wolf, M.A., Rowe, V.K., McCollister, D.D., Hollingsworth, R.L. and Oyes, F. (1956). Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene; experiments on laboratory animals. AMA Arch. Ind. Health, 14: 387–398.

Wollny, H. (2000). Cell mutation assay at the thymidine kinase locus (TK+/-) in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells (soft agar method) with ethylbenzene. RCC Cytotest Cell Research GmbH (RCC-CCR Project No. 635300).

Xu, X., Freeman, N.C., Dailey, A.B., Ilacqua, V.A., Kearney, G.D. and Talbott, E.O. (2009). Association between exposure to alkylbenzenes and cardiovascular disease among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 15: 385–391.

Yoon, H.I., Hong, Y.C., Cho, S.H., Kim, H., Kim, Y.H., Sohn, J.R., Kwon, M., Park, S.H., Cho, M.H. and Cheong, H.K. (2010). Exposure to volatile organic compounds and loss of pulmonary function in the elderly. Eur. Respir. J., 36: 1270–1276.

Yue, Z., Mangun, C., Economy, J., Kemme, P., Cropek, D. and Maloney, S. (2001). Removal of chemical contaminants from water to below USEPA MCL using fiber glass supported activated carbon filters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(13): 2844–2848.

Zavalic, M., Mandic, Z., Turk, R., Bogadi-Sare, A., Plavec, D., Gomzi, M. and Skender, L.J. (1998). Assessment of colour vision impairment in male workers exposed to toluene generally above occupational exposure limits. Occup. Med., 48: 175–180.

Zeiger, E., Anderson, B., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T. and Mortelmans, K. (1992). Salmonella mutagenicity tests: V. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 19: 2–141.

Zein, M., Suidam, M. and Venosa, A. (2006). Bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with gasoline hydrocarbons with oxygen using a membrane-based reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40: 1997–2003.

Zhu, J., Newhook, R., Marro, L. and Chan, C.C. (2005). Selected volatile organic compounds in residential air in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39: 3964–3971.

Zogorski, J.S., Carter, J.M., Ivahnenko, T., Lapham, W.W., Moran, M.J., Rowe, B.L., Squillace, P.J. and Toccalino, P.L. (2006). The quality of our nation's waters: volatile organic compounds in the nation's ground water and drinking-water supply wells. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, Reston, VA (Circular 1292).

Zupanic, M., Demes, P. and Seeber, A. (2002). Psychomotor performance and subjective symptoms at low level toluene exposure. Occup. Environ. Med., 59: 263–268.

• Previous Page
• Table of Contents
• Next Page