Appendix 3: Upper-bounding Estimates of Daily Intake of Quinoline by the General Population in Canada
| Route of Exposure | 0-6 months1,2,3 | 0.5-4 Years4 |
5-11 Years5 |
12-19 Years6 |
20-59 Years7 |
60+ Years8 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formula Fed | Not Formula Fed | ||||||
| Ambient air9 | 1.75 × 10-3 | 3.75 × 10-3 | 2.92 × 10-3 | 1.66 × 10-3 | 1.43 × 10-3 | 1.24 × 10-3 | |
| Indoor air9 | 0.0123 | 0.0263 | 0.0205 | 0.0116 | 0.0100 | 0.0087 | |
| Drinking water10 | 1.07 × 10-4 | 4.0 × 10-5 | 4.5 × 10-5 | 3.6 × 10-5 | 2.0 × 10-5 | 2.1 × 10-5 | 2.2 × 10-5 |
| Food11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Soil12 | 2.4 × 10-4 | 3.9 × 10-4 | 1.3 × 10-4 | 3.0 × 10-5 | 2.5 × 10-5 | 2.5 × 10-5 | |
| Total intake | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.01 |
Abbreviation: NA, not available.
1 No data on levels of quinoline in breast milk were identified.
2 Assumed to weigh 7.5 kg, to breathe 2.1 m3 of air per day, to drink 0.8 L of water per day (formula fed) or 0.3 L/day (not formula fed) and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
3 For formula-fed infants, intake from water is synonymous with intake from food. No data on concentrations of quinoline in formula were identified for Canada . For non-formula-fed infants, approximately 50% are introduced to solid foods by 4 months of age and 90% by 6 months of age (NHW 1990).
4 Assumed to weigh 15.5 kg, to breathe 9.3 m3 of air per day, to drink 0.7 L of water per day and to ingest 100 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
5 Assumed to weigh 31.0 kg, to breathe 14.5 m3 of air per day, to drink 1.1 L of water per day and to ingest 65 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
6 Assumed to weigh 59.4 kg, to breathe 15.8 m3 of air per day, to drink 1.2 L of water per day and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
7 Assumed to weigh 70.9 kg, to breathe 16.2 m3 of air per day, to drink 1.5 L of water per day and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
8 Assumed to weigh 72.0 kg, to breathe 14.3 m3 of air per day, to drink 1.6 L of water per day and to ingest 30 mg of soil per day (Health Canada 1998).
9 The estimated detection limit of quinoline (0.05 µg/m3) for both ambient and indoor air in an air quality survey conducted in 75 homes in Ottawa, Ontario, was used to calculate the upper-bounding limit of exposure estimate (Zhu et al. 2005). Canadians are assumed to spend 3 h/day outside (Health Canada 1998).
10 No data on levels of quinoline in drinking water were identified. As a surrogate, the detection limit (0.001 µg/L) for measuring quinoline in samples of surface water from Rainy River, Ontario, was used to calculate the upper-bounding limit of exposure estimate (Merriman 1988). For formula-fed infants, the concentration of quinoline in the water used to reconstitute formula accounts for the intake of quinoline from food.
11 No data on levels of quinoline in food were identified.
12 The highest concentration (60 µg/kg dry weight) of quinoline detected among soil samples collected from southern Ontario was used to calculate the upper-bounding limit of exposure estimate (Webber 1994).
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