2. Sources of Fugitive TPM and VOC Emissions

Fugitive emissions are often uncontrolled, and sources can be distributed spatially over a wide area. Table 2.1 provides an overview of activities or equipment where emissions of fugitive TPM and VOCs may be released into the atmosphere. These sources of emissions may vary between sub-sectors and between facilities within the same sub-sector.

Fugitive emissions can result from process leaks and spills that are associated with certain activities related to raw material storage and material handling, cokemaking, ironmaking, steelmaking, and some related process operations. These emissions can also result from leaks from pipes, ducts, valves or pumps.

**Common Sources of Process Fugitive Emissions**
Activity	Sub-sector (integrated mills, mini-mills, ilmenite smelting facility)	TPM Source	VOC Source
Materials handling	All	Disturbing granular material Unloading/loading materials Transferring materials to conveyors or transfer points
Materials movement	All	Conveying systems Transporting materials using vehicles
Materials storage	All	Piling Leaking from buildings	Excluding the ilmenite smelting facility Leaking from buildings Storing of drums, containers and tanks
Materials preparation	All	Crushing Grinding Blending Screening
Cokemaking	Integrated mills	Charging of coal Leaking from coke oven battery doors, lids, tops and gas off-takes Pushing of coke Quenching of coke	Charging of coal Leaking from coke oven battery doors, lids, tops and gas off-takes Pushing of coke
Coke by-product plants	Integrated mills		Storing, handling, transferring and separating organic compounds (mostly benzene), ammonia and sulphur from coke oven gas Associated equipment such as pumps, compressors, valves and control devices Separating tar Separating naphthalene Recovering light oil Leaking of heat exchangers at cooling towers
Blast furnace ironmaking	Integrated mills	Charging of materials to the furnace Tapping molten metal from the furnace Transporting molten metal Crushing and screening of slag	Incomplete combustion of coke in the furnace Tap-holes, runners, skimmers and the ladle charging area Runner systems where tar-based binders are still used
Direct reduction ironmaking	Mini-mills	Charging iron oxide to the top of the shaft furnace Handling the iron oxide and the direct reduced iron
Ilmenite reduction furnace	Ilmenite smelting facility	Charging of materials to the furnace Tapping molten metal from the furnace Cleaning cars Crushing and screening of slag Tapping of slag
Basic oxygen furnace steelmaking	Integrated mills, ilmenite smelting facility	Charging of the furnace Blowing oxygen Handling of flux Tapping of molten metal and slag	Excluding the ilmenite smelting facility Hydrocarbons contained in the oils, wire casing, foam and plastics found in the steel scrap feedstock can vaporize when the iron is charged
Electric arc furnace steelmaking	Integrated mills, mini-mills	Charging of the furnace Tapping of the molten metal and slag Transporting molten metal	Hydrocarbons contained in the oils, wire casing, foam and plastics found in the steel scrap feedstock can vaporize when melting takes place Combusting auxiliary fuel Decarburization of scrap Charging of the furnace Tapping of the molten metal and slag
Continuous casting	All	Transferring molten metal to the tundish Cutting steel
Hot forming	Integrated mills, mini-mills	Scarfing or grinding of the feedstock Removing scale formed during hot rolling Straightening and shearing of hot formed products	Rolling and lubrication oils Combusting fuel in the reheat furnaces
Cold forming	Integrated mills, mini-mills		Rolling and lubrication oils Combusting fuel in the annealing furnace
Coating	Integrated mills, mini-mills	Straightening and shearing	Spraying, immersion, rolling or brushing of non-metallic coatings (e.g., powders, paints and liquids containing organic compounds)
Transportation	All	Paved and unpaved roads (vehicular traffic)

**Common Sources of Non-Process and Fuel Combustion Fugitive Emissions**
Sub-sector (integrated mills, mini-mills, ilmenite smelting facility)	Source of VOC (excluding the ilmenite smelting facility) and TPM
All	Pumps Compressors Pressure relief devices in gas/vapour service Sampling connection systems Valves Lines Pressure relief devices in liquid service Flanges and other connectors Product accumulation vessels Closed vent systems Control devices

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Date modified:: 2016-06-01