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Birds known to breed regularly in Canada

List of birds that regularly breed in Canada.

The table presents the 264 species included (IN status) in the analysis to determine the regional nesting periods and calendars, as well as the 174 species excluded from this analysis based on:

In the following table, species are ranked following a phylogenetic order with their associated broad types of habitat: forests (F), wetlands (W) and open fields (O).

Birds known to breed in Canada
English Name Scientific Name Status Habitat
Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons IN W
Snow Goose Chen caerulescens IN W
Ross's Goose Chen rossii EX1 W
Brant Branta bernicla IN W
Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii EX1 W
Canada Goose Branta canadensis EX1 W, O
Mute Swan Cygnus olor IN W
Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator IN W
Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus IN W
Wood Duck Aix sponsa IN F, W
Gadwall Anas strepera IN W, O
American Wigeon Anas americana IN W, O
American Black Duck Anas rubripes IN F, W, O
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos IN F, W, O
Blue-winged Teal Anas discors IN W, O
Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera EX1 W
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata IN W
Northern Pintail Anas acuta IN W, O
Green-winged Teal Anas crecca IN W
Canvasback Aythya valisineria IN W
Redhead Aythya americana IN W
Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris IN W
Greater Scaup Aythya marila IN W, O
Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis IN W
King Eider Somateria spectabilis IN W
Common Eider Somateria mollissima IN O
Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus EX1 W
Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata EX1 F, W
White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca IN F, W
Black Scoter Melanitta americana EX1 F, W
Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis IN W
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola IN F, W
Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula IN F, W
Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica EX1 F, W
Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus IN F, W
Common Merganser Mergus merganser IN F, W
Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator IN F, W
Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis IN W
California Quail Callipepla californica EX2 O
Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus EX2 O
Chukar Alectoris chukar EX2 O
Gray Partridge Perdix perdix EX2 O
Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus EX2 O
Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus EX2 F
Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus EX2 O
Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis EX2 F
Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus EX2 O
Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta EX2 O
White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucura EX2 O
Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus EX2 F
Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus EX2 F
Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus EX2 F, O
Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo EX2 F, O
Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata IN W
Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica IN W
Common Loon Gavia immer IN W
Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii EX1 W
Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps IN W
Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus IN W
Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena IN W
Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis IN W
Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis EX1 W
Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii EX1 W
Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis EX1 O
Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus EX1 O
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata EX1 O
Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa EX1 O
Northern Gannet Morus bassanus EX1 O
Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus EX2 O
Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus EX2 W, O
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo EX2 O
Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus EX2 O
American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos EX2 W
American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus IN W
Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis IN W
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias IN F, W
Great Egret Ardea alba IN F, W
Snowy Egret Egretta thula EX1 W
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis IN W, O
Green Heron Butorides virescens IN F, W
Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax IN F, W
White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi EX1 W
Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura EX2 O
Osprey Pandion haliaetus EX2 F, O
Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis EX2 F
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus EX2 O
Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus EX2 W, O
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus EX2 F
Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii EX2 F
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis EX2 F
Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus EX2 F
Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus EX2 F
Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni EX2 O
Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis EX2 F, O
Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis EX2 O
Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus EX2 O
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos EX2 O
Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis EX1 W
King Rail Rallus elegans IN W
Virginia Rail Rallus limicola IN W
Sora Porzana carolina IN W
Common Gallinule Gallinula galeata IN W
American Coot Fulica americana IN W
Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis IN W
Whooping Crane Grus americana EX1 W
Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus EX1 W
American Avocet Recurvirostra americana IN W
American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus EX1 O
Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani EX1 O
Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola IN O
American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica IN O
Snowy Plover Charadrius nivosus EX1 O
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula EX1 O
Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus IN O
Piping Plover Charadrius melodus IN W, O
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus IN O
Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus EX1 O
Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius IN W, O
Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria IN F, W
Wandering Tattler Tringa incana EX1 W, O
Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca EX1 F, W
Willet Tringa semipalmata IN W
Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes IN F, W
Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda IN W, O
Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis EX1 O
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus IN O
Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus IN O
Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica IN O
Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa IN W
Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres IN O
Red Knot Calidris canutus IN W, O
Surfbird Calidris virgata EX1 O
Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus IN W, O
Sanderling Calidris alba EX1 O
Dunlin Calidris alpina IN W, O
Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima EX1 O
Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii IN O
Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla IN W, O
White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis IN O
Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis EX1 O
Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos IN W, O
Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla IN W, O
Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus EX1 W, O
Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus EX1 W, O
Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata IN W, O
American Woodcock Scolopax minor IN F, W
Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor IN W, O
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus IN W, O
Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius IN W, O
Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus EX1 W, O
Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus EX1 O
Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus IN O
Dovekie Alle alle EX1 O
Common Murre Uria aalge EX1 O
Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia EX1 O
Razorbill Alca torda EX1 O
Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle EX1 O
Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba EX1 O
Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus EX1 F
Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus EX1 O
Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus EX1 O
Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata EX1 O
Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica EX1 O
Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata EX1 O
Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata EX1 O
Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla EX1 O
Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea EX1 O
Sabine's Gull Xema sabini EX1 O
Bonaparte's Gull Chroicocephalus philadelphia IN F, W
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus EX1 W, O
Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus IN W, O
Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea EX1 W, O
Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla EX1 W, O
Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan IN W
Mew Gull Larus canus IN W
Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis IN W, O
Western Gull Larus occidentalis EX1 W, O
California Gull Larus californicus EX1 W, O
Herring Gull Larus argentatus IN W, O
Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri EX1 O
Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides EX1 O
Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens EX1 O
Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus IN O
Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus EX1 W, O
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia EX1 W, O
Black Tern Chlidonias niger IN W
Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii EX1 O
Common Tern Sterna hirundo IN W, O
Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea IN O
Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri IN W
Rock Pigeon Columba livia EX2 O
Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata EX1 F
Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto EX1 O
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura IN O
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus IN F, O
Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus IN F, O
Barn Owl Tyto alba EX2 O
Flammulated Owl Psiloscops flammeolus EX2 F
Western Screech-Owl Megascops kennicottii EX2 F
Eastern Screech-Owl Megascops asio EX2 F
Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus EX2 F, O
Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus EX2 O
Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula EX2 F
Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma EX2 F
Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia EX2 O
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis EX2 F
Barred Owl Strix varia EX2 F
Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa EX2 F
Long-eared Owl Asio otus EX2 F
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus EX2 W, O
Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus EX2 F
Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus EX2 F
Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor IN F, O
Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii EX1 O
Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis EX1 F
Eastern Whip-poor-will Antrostomus vociferus IN F
Black Swift Cypseloides niger EX1 O
Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica IN F, O
Vaux's Swift Chaetura vauxi EX1 F, O
White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis EX1 O
Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris IN F, O
Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri EX1 O
Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna EX1 O
Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus EX1 F, O
Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus calliope EX1 F, O
Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon EX2 F, O
Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis EX1 O, F
Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus IN O, F
Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus IN F, O
Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus EX1 F
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius IN F
Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis IN F
Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber EX1 F
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens IN F, O
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus IN F, O
White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus EX1 F
American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis IN F, O
Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus IN F, O
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus IN F, O
Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus IN O, F
American Kestrel Falco sparverius EX2 O
Merlin Falco columbarius EX2 F, O
Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus EX2 O
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus EX2 O
Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus EX2 O
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi IN F
Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus IN F
Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens IN F
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris IN F
Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens IN F, W
Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum IN W, O
Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii IN W, O
Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus IN F
Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii IN F
Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii IN O
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri IN O
Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis EX1 F
Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis IN F
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe IN O
Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya IN O
Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus IN F, O
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis IN O
Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus IN O
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus IN O
Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor EX1 F, O
White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus EX1 O
Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons IN F
Cassin's Vireo Vireo cassinii EX1 F
Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius IN F
Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni IN F
Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus IN F, O
Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus IN F
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus IN F
Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis EX2 F
Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri EX2 F
Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata EX2 F, O
Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana EX2 F
Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia EX2 O
American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos EX2 F, O
Northwestern Crow Corvus caurinus EX2 F
Common Raven Corvus corax EX2 O, F
Sky Lark Alauda arvensis EX1 O
Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris EX1 O
Purple Martin Progne subis IN O
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor IN O
Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina IN O
Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis IN O
Bank Swallow Riparia riparia IN O
Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota IN O
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica IN O
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus IN F, O
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli IN F
Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens IN F
Boreal Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus IN F
Gray-headed Chickadee Poecile cinctus EX1 F
Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor EX1 O, F
Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus IN F, O
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis IN F
White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis IN O, F
Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea IN F
Brown Creeper Certhia americana IN F
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus IN O
Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus IN O
House Wren Troglodytes aedon IN O
Pacific Wren Troglodytes pacificus EX1 F
Winter Wren Troglodytes hiemalis IN F
Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis IN O
Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris IN O
Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus IN F, O
Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii IN O
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea IN F
American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus EX1 O
Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa IN F
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula IN F
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica EX1 O
Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe EX1 O
Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis IN O
Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana IN O
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides IN O
Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi IN O
Veery Catharus fuscescens IN F
Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus IN O
Bicknell's Thrush Catharus bicknelli IN F
Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus IN F
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus IN F
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina IN F
American Robin Turdus migratorius IN F, O
Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius IN F
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis IN O
Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum IN O
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus EX1 O
Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos IN O
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris EX2 F, O
Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis EX1 O
American Pipit Anthus rubescens IN O
Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii IN O
Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus EX1 F
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum IN F, O
Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus IN O
Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus IN O
Smith's Longspur Calcarius pictus IN O
McCown's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccownii IN O
Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis IN O
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla IN F
Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia motacilla IN F
Northern Waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis IN F, O
Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera IN O
Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora cyanoptera IN F
Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia IN F
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea IN F
Tennessee Warbler Oreothlypis peregrina IN F
Orange-crowned Warbler Oreothlypis celata IN O
Nashville Warbler Oreothlypis ruficapilla IN F
Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis IN F
MacGillivray's Warbler Geothlypis tolmiei IN F
Mourning Warbler Geothlypis philadelphia IN O
Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas IN W, O
Hooded Warbler Setophaga citrina IN F
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla IN F, O
Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii EX1 F
Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina IN F
Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea IN F
Northern Parula Setophaga americana IN F
Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia IN F
Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea IN F
Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca IN F
Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia IN W, O
Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica IN F, O
Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata IN F
Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens IN F
Palm Warbler Setophaga palmarum IN W, O
Pine Warbler Setophaga pinus IN F
Yellow-rumped Warbler Setophaga coronata IN F
Prairie Warbler Setophaga discolor IN O
Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga nigrescens IN F
Townsend's Warbler Setophaga townsendi IN F
Black-throated Green Warbler Setophaga virens IN F
Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis IN F, W
Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla IN W, O
Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens IN O
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus IN O
Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus IN O
American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea IN O
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina IN O
Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida IN O
Brewer's Sparrow Spizella breweri IN O
Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla IN O
Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus IN O
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus IN O
Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys IN O
Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis IN O
Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum IN O
Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii IN O
Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii IN O
Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii IN O
Nelson's Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni IN W
Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca IN F
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia IN W, O
Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii IN W, O
Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana IN W, O
White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis IN F, O
Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia querula EX1 F, O
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys IN O
Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla IN O
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis IN F, O
Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea IN F
Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana IN F
Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis IN F, O
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus IN F
Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus IN F, O
Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena IN O
Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea IN O
Dickcissel Spiza americana EX1 O
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus IN O
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus EX2 W, O
Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna IN O
Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta IN O
Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus EX2 O
Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus EX2 F
Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus EX2 O
Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula EX2 O
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater EX2 F, O
Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius IN O
Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii IN F, O
Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula IN O
Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis EX1 O
Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator IN F
House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus IN O
Purple Finch Haemorhous purpureus IN F
Cassin's Finch Haemorhous cassinii IN F
Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra EX1 F
White-winged Crossbill Loxia leucoptera EX1 F
Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea IN O
Hoary Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni IN O
Pine Siskin Spinus pinus IN F
American Goldfinch Spinus tristis IN O
Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus IN F
House Sparrow Passer domesticus EX2 O

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