The Fiscal Monitor - September 2023

Highlights

September 2023

There was a budgetary deficit of $3.9 billion in September 2023, compared to a deficit of $2.2 billion in September 2022. The budgetary deficit before net actuarial losses was $3.3 billion, compared to a deficit of $1.3 billion in the same period of 2022-23. The budgetary balance before net actuarial losses and gains is intended to supplement the traditional budgetary balance and improve the transparency of the government’s financial reporting by isolating the impact of the amortization of net actuarial losses and gains arising from the revaluation of the government’s pension and other employee future benefit plans.

Compared to September 2022:

• Revenues increased by $1.1 billion, or 3.6 per cent, largely reflecting higher personal income tax revenue and non-tax revenues.
• Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were up $1.4 billion, or 4.8 per cent, driven by higher transfers to other levels of government and persons.  
• Public debt charges were up $1.6 billion, or 65.2 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest rates, as well as higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds relative to adjustments in the same month of the previous year.
• Net actuarial losses were down $0.2 billion, or 25.4 per cent, largely reflecting the amortization of gains arising from actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2023 due to higher discount rates.

April to September 2023

The government posted a budgetary deficit of $8.2 billion for the April to September period of the 2023-24 fiscal year, compared to a surplus of $1.7 billion reported for the same period of 2022-23. The budgetary deficit before net actuarial losses was $4.4 billion, compared to a surplus of $6.6 billion in the April to September period of 2022-23.

Compared to 2022-23:

• Revenues were up $3.5 billion, or 1.7 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest revenues and other non-tax revenues.
• Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were up $8.9 billion, or 4.8 per cent, reflecting increases across major transfers to other levels of government, direct program expenses, proceeds from the pollution pricing framework returned, and major transfers to persons.
• Public debt charges increased by $5.7 billion, or 33.1 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest rates, offset in part by lower Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds.
• Net actuarial losses decreased by $1.1 billion, or 23.2 per cent, largely reflecting the amortization of gains arising from actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2023.

Revenues

Revenues in September 2023 totalled $32.5 billion, up $1.1 billion, or 3.6 per cent, from September 2022.

• Tax revenues increased by $0.1 billion, or 0.4 per cent, compared to the same period in 2022-23, as a result of an increase in personal income tax revenue, being largely offset by declines in corporate and non-resident income tax revenue, as well as other taxes and duties.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework were up $0.3 billion, or 70.9 per cent, reflecting higher carbon pollution pricing in 2023 and year-over-year timing differences.
• Employment Insurance (EI) premium revenues were up $0.2 billion, or 11.2 per cent, reflecting a higher premium rate and better labour market conditions.
• Other revenues were up $0.5 billion, or 23.5 per cent, reflecting higher interest revenues. These increases were offset in part by lower net profits from enterprise Crown corporations, largely reflecting Bank of Canada losses as its interest expense on variable-rate deposits has outpaced interest earned on its fixed-rate investments.

Revenues for the April to September period of 2023-24 totalled $212.1 billion, up $3.5 billion, or 1.7 per cent, from the same period in 2022-23.

• Tax revenues decreased by $1.3 billion, or 0.7 per cent, compared to the same period in 2022-23, owing largely to a decline in income tax revenue, with lower corporate and non-resident income tax revenue partially offset by an increase in personal income tax revenue.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework were up $0.9 billion, or 26.4 per cent, reflecting higher carbon pollution pricing in 2023.
• EI premium revenues were up $1.2 billion, or 9.0 per cent, reflecting a higher premium rate and better labour market conditions.
• Other revenues were up $2.7 billion, or 17.1 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest revenues and net foreign exchange revenues, offset in part by Bank of Canada losses.

Expenses

Program expenses excluding net actuarial losses in September 2023 were $31.6 billion, up $1.4 billion, or 4.8 per cent, from September 2022.

• Major transfers to persons, consisting of elderly benefits, EI benefits, COVID-19 income support for workers, and children’s benefits, were up $0.5 billion or 4.9 per cent.
  • Elderly benefits increased by $0.5 billion, or 8.6 per cent, largely reflecting changes in consumer prices to which benefits are fully indexed, and growth in the number of recipients.
  • EI benefits increased by $0.1 billion, or 9.3 per cent.
  • COVID-19 income support for workers decreased $0.4 billion, reflecting redeterminations of benefits in September 2023.
  • Children’s benefits were up $0.2 billion, or 9.7 per cent, mainly reflecting the indexation of benefits to consumer prices.
• Major transfers to other levels of government were up $1.1 billion, or 18.2 per cent, largely due to legislated growth in the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, Equalization transfers and transfers to the territories, as well as a downward adjustment to expenses made in the previous year for a revised estimate of recoveries under the Quebec Abatement.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework returned increased by $0.1 billion, largely reflecting an increase in the rate of the Climate Action Incentive and, starting July 2023, the inclusion of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in the framework for the fuel charge. Direct proceeds continue to be fully returned in the provinces or territories where they are generated.
• Direct program expenses were down $0.3 billion, or 1.7 per cent. Within direct program expenses:
  • Other transfer payments decreased by $0.1 billion, or 2.5 per cent. 
  • Operating expenses of the government’s departments, agencies, and consolidated Crown corporations and other entities decreased by $0.1 billion, or 1.3 per cent, largely reflecting lower public health expenses, offset in part by higher personnel costs and year-over-year timing differences in consolidated Crown corporations’ expenses.

Public debt charges increased $1.6 billion, or 65.2 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest rates, as well as higher Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds relative to adjustments in September 2022.

Net actuarial losses, which represent the amortization of changes in the value of the government’s obligations for pensions and other employee future benefits accrued in previous fiscal years and related assets, were down $0.2 billion, or 25.4 per cent, largely reflecting the amortization of gains arising from actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2023.

For the April to September period of 2023-24, program expenses excluding net actuarial losses were $193.5 billion, up $8.9 billion, or 4.8 per cent, from the same period the previous year.

• Major transfers to persons were up $1.4 billion or 2.4 per cent.
  • Elderly benefits increased by $4.1 billion, or 12.3 per cent, largely reflecting growth in the number of recipients and changes in consumer prices, to which benefits are fully indexed. In addition, as of July 2022, the Old Age Security pension has permanently increased by 10 per cent for seniors aged 75 and over.
  • EI benefits decreased by $0.9 billion, or 8.4 per cent, largely reflecting the expiry of temporary pandemic‑related measures to facilitate access to EI.
  • COVID-19 income support for workers decreased $2.4 billion, due to the wind-down of these benefits in the prior year, and the redetermination of benefits in the current year.
  • Children’s benefits were up $0.6 billion, or 4.9 per cent, mainly reflecting the indexation of benefits to consumer prices.
• Major transfers to other levels of government were up $3.4 billion, or 7.7 per cent, primarily due to legislated growth in the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, Equalization transfers and transfers to the territories.
• Proceeds from the pollution pricing framework returned increased by $1.6 billion, or 49.7 per cent, largely reflecting an increase in the rate of the Climate Action Incentive and, starting July 2023, the inclusion of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in the framework for the fuel charge.
• Direct program expenses were up $2.5 billion, or 3.1 per cent. Within direct program expenses:
  • Other transfer payments increased by $1.0 billion, or 3.4 per cent, reflecting a number of factors including disbursements for the third round of the Rapid Housing Initiative, higher payments with respect to Indigenous Peoples, and higher transfers under the Canada Workers Benefit. This was offset in part by the one-time, non-taxable grant provided by the government in 2022-23 to alleviate the financial hardship of Guaranteed Income Supplement and Allowance recipients who received pandemic benefits in 2020, as well as a decrease in international assistance.
  • Operating expenses of the government’s departments, agencies, and consolidated Crown corporations and other entities increased by $1.5 billion, or 2.9 per cent, reflecting a number of factors including higher personnel expenses, year-over-year timing differences of consolidated Crown corporations’ expenses, and higher bad debt expense, offset in part by lower public health expenses.

Public debt charges increased by $5.7 billion, or 33.1 per cent, largely reflecting higher interest rates, offset in part by lower Consumer Price Index adjustments on Real Return Bonds.

Net actuarial losses decreased by $1.1 billion, or 23.2 per cent, largely reflecting the amortization of gains arising from actuarial valuations prepared for the Public Accounts of Canada 2023.

The following table presents total expenses by main object of expense.

Financial requirement of $43.3 billion for April to September 2023

The budgetary balance is presented on an accrual basis of accounting, recording government revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is received or paid. In contrast, the financial source/requirement measures the difference between cash coming in to the government and cash going out. This measure is affected not only by changes in the budgetary balance but also by the cash source/requirement resulting from the government’s investing activities through its acquisition of capital assets and its loans, financial investments and advances, as well as from other activities, including payment of accounts payable and collection of accounts receivable, foreign exchange activities, and the amortization of its tangible capital assets. The difference between the budgetary balance and financial source/requirement is recorded in non-budgetary transactions.

With a budgetary deficit of $8.2 billion and a requirement of $35.1 billion from non-budgetary transactions, there was a financial requirement of $43.3 billion for the April to September 2023 period, compared to a financial requirement of $29.7 billion for the same period of the previous year.

Net financing activities up $43.9 billion

The government financed this financial requirement of $43.3 billion and increased cash balances by $0.6 billion by increasing unmatured debt by $43.9 billion. The increase in unmatured debt was achieved primarily through the issuance of treasury bills.

Cash balances at the end of September stood at $42.4 billion, down $34.6 billion from their level at the end of September 2022.

Federal debt

The federal debt, or accumulated deficit, is the difference between the government’s total liabilities and total assets. The year-over-year change in the accumulated deficit reflects the year-to-date budgetary balance plus remeasurement gains and losses.

Remeasurement gains and losses include:

• changes in the fair value of derivatives, such as swap agreements and foreign exchange forward agreements, which are used by the government to manage financial risks, and
• certain unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments and certain actuarial gains and losses related to pensions and other employee future benefits reported by consolidated Crown corporations, enterprise Crown corporations, and other government business enterprises.

Remeasurement gains and losses are not reflected in the budgetary balance but are instead charged directly to the accumulated deficit. The government began accounting for remeasurement gains and losses in 2022-23 with the adoption of a new standard of the Public Sector Accounting Board regarding financial instruments.

The accumulated deficit increased by $11.3 billion over the April to September 2023 period, reflecting the $8.2-billion budgetary deficit and $3.1 billion in net remeasurement losses.

Notes

1. The Fiscal Monitor is a report on the consolidated financial results of the Government of Canada, prepared monthly by the Department of Finance Canada. The government is committed to releasing The Fiscal Monitor on a timely basis in accordance with the International Monetary Fund’s Special Data Dissemination Standards Plus, which are designed to promote member countries’ data transparency and promote the development of sound statistical systems.
2. The financial results reported in The Fiscal Monitor are drawn from the accounts of Canada, which are maintained by the Receiver General and used to prepare the annual Public Accounts of Canada.
3. The Fiscal Monitor is generally prepared in accordance with the same accounting policies as used to prepare the government’s annual consolidated financial statements, which are summarized in Section 2 of Volume I of the Public Accounts of Canada, available through the Public Services and Procurement Canada website.
4. The financial results presented in The Fiscal Monitor have not been audited or reviewed by an external auditor.
5. There can be substantial volatility in monthly results due to the timing of revenue receipts and expense recognition. For instance, a large share of government spending is typically reported in the March Fiscal Monitor.
6. The April to March results reported in The Fiscal Monitor are not the final results for the fiscal year as a whole. The final results are published in the annual Public Accounts of Canada and incorporate post-March end-of-year adjustments made once further information becomes available, including the accrual of tax revenues reflecting assessments of tax returns and valuation adjustments for assets and liabilities. Post-March adjustments may also include the accrual of measures announced in the budget that are recorded upon receipt of Royal Assent of enabling legislation.
7. Table 7, Condensed Statement of Assets and Liabilities, is included in the monthly Fiscal Monitor following the finalization and publication of the government’s financial results for the preceding fiscal year, typically in the fall.

Note: Unless stated otherwise, changes in financial results are presented on a year-over-year basis.

For inquiries about this publication, contact Bradley Recker at bradley.recker@fin.gc.ca.

November 2023